Rib cage

Abstract: HISTORICAL ACCOUNT: Bibliography of Henry Gray, Brief History of Gray's Anatomy. SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION to HUMAN ANATOMY: What Is Anatomy?. Origin of Life on Earth. Evolution of Life on Earth. Animal Kingdom: Selected Phyla. Primates and Human Evolution. Anatomical Nomenclature. SECTION 2 CELLS and TISSUES: Cell Struction. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton. Nucleus. Reproduction of Cells. Meiosis, Unilaminar (Simple) Epithelia, Multilaminar Epithelia, Urothelium (Urinary or Transitional Epithelium), Seminiferous Epithelium. Connective Tissues. Cells of General Connective Tissue, Extracellular Matrix (ECM), Classification of Connective Tissue. SECTION 3 EMBRYOLOGY and DEVELOPMENT: Developmental Biology. Early Human Development. Development of Individual Systems. Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Systems, Urinary and Reproductive Systems, Nervous System and Special Sense Organs, Musculoskeletal System, Cardiovascular System. Prenatal Growth in Form and Size. SECTION 4 NEONATAL ANATOMY and GROWTH: Neonatal Anatomy. Individual Systems in the Neonate. Growth. SECTION 5 INTEGUMENTAL SYSTEM: Outline of Section. Integument. Introduction, Types of Skin, Skin Lines, Microstructure of Skin, Appendages of Skin. Breasts(Mammae). Introduction, Female Breast, Male Breast. SECTION 6 SKELETAL SYSTEM: Morphology of the Human Skeleton. Skeletal Connective Tissues. The Scope of Arthrology. Axial Skeleton. Vertebral Column, Ribs, Thorax, Skull. Appendicular Skeleton. Upper Limb, Wrist and Hand, Lower Limb, Ankle and Foot, Sesamoid Bones. SECTION 7 MUSCLE: Muscle. Brief Suvey of the Major Types of Muscle, Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Attachments of Skeletal Muscle, Form and Function in Skeletal Muscle. Muscles and Fasciae of the Head. Craniofacil Muscles, Masticatory Muscles. Anterolateral Muscles and Fasciae of the Neck. Superficial and Lateral Cervical Muscles, Suprahyoid Muscles, Infrahyoid Muscles, Anterior Vertebral Muscles, Lateral Vertebral Mus Cles. Muscles and Fasciae of the Trunk. Deep Muscles of the Back, Suboccipital Muscles, Muscles of the Thorax, Muscles of the Abdomen, Muscles and Fasciae of the Pelvis, Muscles and Fasciae of the Perineum. Muscles and Fasciae of the Upper Limb. Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb with the Vertebral Column, Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb with the Thoracic Wall, Muscles of the Scapula, Muscles of the Upper Arm, Muscles of the Forearm, Muscles of the Hand. Muscles and Fasciae of the Lower Limb. Muscles of the Illiac Region, Muscles of the Thigh and Gluteal Region, Muscles of the Leg, Muscles of the Feet. SECTION 8 NERVOUS SYSTEM: Cytology of the Nervous System. Cytology of the Central Nervous System. Regional Organization of the Central Nervous System. Spinal Medulla Cord, Rhombencephalon, Mesencephalon, Diencephalon, Telencephalon, Basal Nuclei, Fluid Compartments and Fluid Balance in the Central Nervous System. Peripheral Nervous System. Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, Autonomic Nervous System. Peripheral Apparatus of the Special Senses- Gustatory Apparatus, Olfactory Apparatus, Peripheral Visual Apparatus, Accessory Visual Apparatus, Vestibular and Auditory Apparatus. SECTION 9 HAEMOLYMPHOID SYSTEM: HAEMAL CELLS and TISSUES. Characteristics of Blood, Erythrocytes, Leucocytes, Blood Groups, Mononuclear Phagocyte System. Lymphoid Cells and Tissues. Thymus, Lymph Nodes, Spleen. SECTION 10 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: Blood Vessels. Thoracic Cavity and Heart. Arterial System. Aorta, Caratid System of Arteries, Subclavian System of Arteries, Arteries of the Trunk, Arteries of the Lower Limbs. Venous System. Cardiac Veins, Veins of the Head and Neck, Veins of the Upper Limbs, Veins of the Thorax, Veins of the Lower Limbs, Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis. Lymphatic System. SECTION 11 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Nose, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses. Larynx. Trachea and Bronchi. Pleurae. Mediastinum. Lungs. SECTION 12 ALIMENTARY SYSTEM: Introduction. O Ral Cavity and Related Structure. Palate, Salivary Glands, Teeth, Early Dental Development, Tongue, Pharynx. Abdomen. Peritoneum. Oesophagus to Anus. Introduction, Enteric Nervous System, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Endocrine System, Hernia, Pancreas, Liver, Biliary Ducts and Gallbladder. SECTION 13 URINARY SYSTEM: Urinary Organs. Kidneys, Structure and Formation of Nephrons, Juxtaglomerular Apparatus, Other Renal Cells, Renal Blood Vessels, Upper Urinary Tract, Ureters. Kidney Transplantation. Pelvic Urinary Viscera. Urinary Bladder, Male Urethra, Femal Urethra. SECTION 14 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Reproductive Organs of the Male. Testes and Epididymes, Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens), Seminal Vesicles and Ejaculatory Ducts, Spermatic Cord and Its Coverings, Scrotum, Penis, Prostate. Reproductive Organs of the Female. Ovaries, Ovulation, Uterine Tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Female External Organs. SECTION 15 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Hypophysis Cerebri, Adenohypophysis, Neurohypophysis, Pineal Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, Chromaffin System, Diffuse Neuro-Endocrine System, Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands, Paraganglia, Para-Aortic Bodies, Tympanic Body, Coccygeal Body. SECTION 16 SURFACE ANATOMY: Head. Neck. Thorax. Abdomen. Perineum. Back. Upper Limb. Lower Limb. Imaging. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDEX.

Abstract: KONNO, KIMIO, AND JERE MEAD. Measurement of the separate volume changes of rib cage and abdomen during breathing. J. Appl. Physiol. 22(3) : 407-422. I 967 .-Changes in the anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen were recorded on the axes of a direct-writing X-Y recorder both during relaxation against a closed airway at different lung volumes, and while, at fixed lung volumes, displacements of volume were made voluntarily back and forth between the rib cage and abdomen in both the standing and supine postures. The family of isovolume lines was used to construct the volume-motion relationships for the rib cage and abdomen, and this in turn was used to estimate the separate volume changes of these parts during breathing. A high degree of volume dependence between the rib cage and abdomen was demonstrated under isovolume conditions, while a high degree of volume independence between these parts was demonstrated when total volume change was unconstrained. During breathing the chest wall deviated substantially from its passive configuration. In six subjects the abdomen accounted for about half or more of the tidal volume, but much less than half of the vital capacity, in both postures.

Abstract: • Thoracic insufficiency syndrome is the inability of the thorax to support normal respiration or lung growth. • The rare condition of fused ribs and congenital scoliosis may result in a three-dimensional thoracic deformity with adverse effects on thoracic growth and function with development of thoracic insufficiency syndrome. • The normal thorax is defined by two characteristics: normal, stable volume and the ability to change that volume. Volume depends on the width and depth of the rib cage, and the thoracic spine provides height. The ability to change volume, termed thoracic function, is provided by the diaphragm and the secondary muscles of respiration. • On radiographs, the loss of the vertical height of the lung of the concave, restricted hemithorax is defined by the percentage of space available for the lung. • Spine rotation causes a windswept thorax, with both restriction of the volume of the convex hemithorax and restriction of the motion of the involved ribs. • Constrictive three-dimensional deformity of the thorax may cause extrinsic, restrictive lung disease. • Progressive thoracic insufficiency syndrome is diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs of respiratory insufficiency, loss of chest wall mobility as demonstrated by the thumb excursion test, worsening indices of three-dimensional thoracic deformity on radiographs and computed tomography scans, or a relative decline in percent predicted vital capacity due to thoracic "failure to thrive," as demonstrated by pulmonary function tests. • Treatment of progressive thoracic insufficiency syndrome should provide an acute increase in the thoracic volume with stabilization of any flail chest-wall defects and maintain these improvements as the patient grows, without the need for spine fusion.