Reverse innovation

Abstract: OVERVIEW:The quality and number of innovations developed by multinational companies from emerging countries is increasing dramatically. In particular, frugal innovations—“good-enough,” affordable products that meet the needs of resource-constrained consumers—have created tremendous demand in emerging markets. While the development of such products has largely been the domain of local corporations in emerging countries, Western corporations have recently started to engage in frugal innovation as well. This is a difficult task for Western firms, however, because their business models and organizational structures are traditionally designed for the development of advanced products for the affluent few at the top of the economic pyramid. Using Swiss weighing-instrument manufacturer Mettler Toledo as a case example, this article suggests that frugal innovations are largely developed by local R&D subsidiaries of Western firms in emerging countries. A substantial degree of autonomy for those local R&D subsidiari...

Abstract: Recently, the innovation management literature has witnessed a rising interest in the so-called frugal innovation. The term was initially discussed in the context of emerging markets, giving non-affluent customers opportunities to consume affordable products and services suited to their needs. However, the meaning of frugal innovation is fuzzy. Further, the increasing appearance of frugal innovation in developed markets challenges earlier definitions that often characterised frugal innovation particularly in the context of emerging markets. So far, it has not been clear what differentiates frugal innovation from other innovation types. Thus, we need criteria that make it possible to determine what frugal innovation is and what is not. In order to determine a clear definition, we choose a multimethod approach, conduct a literature review, and interview 45 managers from companies and researchers from different research institutes. On the basis of the results, we define three criteria for frugal innovation: substantial cost reduction, concentration on core functionalities, and optimised performance level. We contribute to the literature by refining the meaning of frugal innovation. We also enable organisations to better deal with the challenge of developing frugal innovation in both emerging and developed markets.

Abstract: Product and service innovations aimed at resource-constrained customers in emerging markets have recently attracted much research and management attention. Despite the prominence of this topic, however, there are some misconceptions around the different innovation types in this domain that may limit managers' ability to derive informed implications for strategy and operations. This article analyzes the different types of resource-constrained innovation-cost, good-enough, frugal, and reverse innovation-conceptualizes the distinctions between them, and discusses the implications for strategy providing a framework for managers to systematically analyze their own approaches to resource-constrained innovation and craft proper development processes. By highlighting the differences between the various types of resourceconstrained innovation, this article also provides the conceptual grounds for further systematic research.