TL;DR: This paper outlines four quantitative indices of intrapopulation variation in resource use and suggests two alternative measures that quantify the mean resource overlap between an individual and its population, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of all four measures.
Abstract: Many apparently generalized species are in fact composed of individual specialists that use a small subset of the population's resource distribution. Niche variation is usually established by testing the null hypothesis that individuals draw from a common resource distribution. This approach encourages a publication bias in which negative results are rarely reported, and obscures variation in the degree of individual specialization, limiting our ability to carry out comparative studies of the causes or consequences of niche variation. To facilitate studies of the degree of individual specialization, this paper outlines four quantitative indices of intrapopulation variation in resource use. Traditionally, such variation has been measured by partitioning the population's total niche width into within- and between-individual, sex, or phenotype components. We suggest two alternative measures that quantify the mean resource overlap between an individual and its population, and we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of all four measures. The utility of all indices depends on the quality of the empirical data. If resources are measured in a coarse-grained manner, individuals may falsely appear generalized. Alternatively, specialization may be overestimated by cross-sectional sampling schemes where diet variation can reflect a patchy environment. Isotope ratios, parasites, or diet-morphology correlations can complement cross-sectional data to establish temporal consistency of individual specialization.
TL;DR: Methodical analysis of this research work will help researchers to find the important characteristics of resource scheduling algorithms and also will help to select most suitable algorithm for scheduling a specific workload.
Abstract: Resource scheduling in cloud is a challenging job and the scheduling of appropriate resources to cloud workloads depends on the QoS requirements of cloud applications. In cloud environment, heterogeneity, uncertainty and dispersion of resources encounters problems of allocation of resources, which cannot be addressed with existing resource allocation policies. Researchers still face troubles to select the efficient and appropriate resource scheduling algorithm for a specific workload from the existing literature of resource scheduling algorithms. This research depicts a broad methodical literature analysis of resource management in the area of cloud in general and cloud resource scheduling in specific. In this survey, standard methodical literature analysis technique is used based on a complete collection of 110 research papers out of large collection of 1206 research papers published in 19 foremost workshops, symposiums and conferences and 11 prominent journals. The current status of resource scheduling in cloud computing is distributed into various categories. Methodical analysis of resource scheduling in cloud computing is presented, resource scheduling algorithms and management, its types and benefits with tools, resource scheduling aspects and resource distribution policies are described. The literature concerning to thirteen types of resource scheduling algorithms has also been stated. Further, eight types of resource distribution policies are described. Methodical analysis of this research work will help researchers to find the important characteristics of resource scheduling algorithms and also will help to select most suitable algorithm for scheduling a specific workload. Future research directions have also been suggested in this research work.
TL;DR: A prototype method with which planners can readily generate and evaluate various “equity maps” of resource distribution is presented, which exploits the visualization capabilities of GIS, which allow interactive exploration of the spatial relationships between public facilities and socioeconomic characteristics.
Abstract: The achievement of equity in the distribution of public resources is a goal of paramount importance to planners. Equitable distribution entails locating resources or facilities so that as many different spatially defined social groups as possible benefit—i. e. have access. For planning purposes, what is of paramount importance is that planners and also their constituents understand what distributional principles underlie any geographic arrangement of public resources. This paper presents a prototype method with which planners can readily generate and evaluate various “equity maps” of resource distribution. The method exploits the visualization capabilities of GIS, which allow interactive exploration of the spatial relationships between public facilities and socioeconomic characteristics.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of resource distribution on whether or not to defend a fishery was discussed, based on the behavior of the fishes in the Mediterranean Sea, and the behavior ecology of fishes in general.
Abstract: (1993). Whether or not to defend? The influence of resource distribution. Marine Behaviour and Physiology: Vol. 23, Behavioural Ecology of Fishes, pp. 137-153.
TL;DR: Measuring progress on the social determinants of health globally will be key to future development of successful policies and implementation plans, enabling the identification and sharing of best practice and to align measures with the sustainable development goals.
Abstract: Action on the social determinants of health (SDH) is required to reduce inequities in health. This article summarises global progress, largely in terms of commitments and strategies. It is clear that there is widespread support for a SDH approach across the world, from global political commitment to within country action. Inequities in the conditions in which people are born, live, work and age, are however driven by inequities in power, money and resources. Political, economic and resource distribution decisions made outside the health sector need to consider health as an outcome across the social distribution as opposed to a focus solely on increasing productivity. A health in all policies approach can go some way to ensure this consideration, and we present evidence that some countries are taking this approach, however given entrenched inequalities, there is some way to go. Measuring progress on the SDH globally will be key to future development of successful policies and implementation plans, enabling the identification and sharing of best practice. WHO work to align measures with the sustainable development goals will help to forward progress measurement.