Repartition

Abstract: .........................................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 METHODS........................................................................................................................... 2 Survey Planning and Platforms........................................................................................ 2 Observer Training ............................................................................................................ 2 Target Species................................................................................................................. 2 Transect Design, Data Collection, and Analytical Methods ............................................. 3 Newfoundland and Labrador............................................................................................ 3 Gulf and Scotian Shelf ..................................................................................................... 4 Sea Surface Temperature Data ....................................................................................... 5 RESULTS............................................................................................................................ 5 Newfoundland and Labrador............................................................................................ 5 Effort............................................................................................................................. 5 Sightings....................................................................................................................... 6 Abundance Estimates .................................................................................................. 6 Cape Breton, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Scotian Shelf .................................................... 6 Effort............................................................................................................................. 6 Sightings....................................................................................................................... 6 Abundance Estimates .................................................................................................. 7 Summary For Canadian TNASS Survey Area ................................................................. 7 Abundance Estimates .................................................................................................. 7 DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................... 8 Overall Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 8 Newfoundland and Labrador............................................................................................ 8 Cape Breton, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Scotian Shelf .................................................... 9 Total Abundance of Cetaceans in Atlantic Canada ......................................................... 9 Next Steps ....................................................................................................................... 9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................... 10 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 10

Abstract: The distribution of fishes in the rivers;lakes and other waterbodies of Afiica has always been of great interest to naturalists, scientists, ichthyologists and others involved with the Afiican fauna. By the second half of the 19th Century sufficient knowledge on the distribution of Af?icari freshwater fishes was at hand to provoke a few general comments by Günther (1880). Systematic knowledge increased rapidly after this and by the tum of the Century Boulenger (1905) presented the first detailed synthesis of the distribution of Afiican freshwater fishes. This was followed by Pellegrin’s (1912) account before Boulenger’s (1909-l 915) classic Catalogue appeared and set the stage for the surge of systematic literature on these fishes over the past sixty years or SO. Much of thishterature has dealt with the fauna of particular rivers, lakes or regions SO that the broad details of’Xiican fish distribution are now known. Pol1 (1973) and Roberts (1975) have summarized and discussed this distribution on a pan Afiican scale. This chapter presents a systematic summary of present knowledge of distribution of fishes in the continenal waters of Afiica. Attention is focussed on families, with noteworthy generic and specific examples being mentioned. No attempt is made to provide a biogeographical analysis as this requires detailed knowledge of both the phyletic relationships of the taxa and the ove.rall geological and geographical history of the continent (Greenwood, 1983). Furthermore, current biogeographical analyses demand pattem analysis incorporating different plant and animal groups, information which is not easily available at present. * Unlike most other animal groups, the distribution of freshwater fishes is conveniently restricted to well-defined water bodies such as lakes and river-s. TO illustrate the distribution of fishes in African waters, a series of rivers and lakes have been selected and the presence or absence of fishes at the family level plotted (Tables 1 and 2). Figure 1 indicates the geographical location of the rivers and lakes used in the Tabies. The particular water bodies were selected primarily to provide an even geographical coverage but selection was also based on the availability of adequate knowledge of their fish faunas.

Abstract: Tabanids, members of the class Insecta, family Tabanidae, are pests for human and livestock because of their painful and irritating bites, persistent biting behavior and blood contamination. Tabanids can also transmit human and animal disease agents, biologically or mechanically [1,2]. Horse flies consist of more than 4000 species that are found on all ecological sites with considerable harmful effects [1]. They are present seasonally in all kinds of landscapes, latitudes/altitude and high populations of these flies have a significant economic impact on outdoor activities, tourism and livestock production. Mechanical transmission is defined as the transfer of pathogens from an infected or contaminated host to a susceptible host; transfer for which there is no biological association between the pathogen and vector. The mechanical transmission can be ensured by arthropods, birds, rats, vampire bats or other animals. Additionally, iatrogenic transmission can be ensured by humans during prophylaxis campaigns for example. These various transmission methods allow the extension of diseases once thought to be transmitted cyclically only. The negligence of such mechanical means in the transmission of pathogens, both in epidemiological studies and eradication campaigns, has led to their incompleteness and failure respectively. Animal trypanosomosis is a good example of diseases transmitted both cyclically by tsetse flies and mechanically by other blood-sucking insects. These elements are the source of an increasing interest in mechanical vectors studies and justify this current study. Several studies have been done on tsetse flies, but little work has been devoted to mechanical vectors (tabanids). The study of horse flies is very difficult, given the vast number of species present in all types of environments and also the volume and complexity of identification keys. The colossal work of Oldroyd in the 1950s [3-5], which followed an identification key in three volumes represented more than a thousand pages of incomparable knowledge about tabanids of the Afro-tropical zoogeographical region; among the many species described, it was difficult to determine a species which could have a significant role in livestock.