TL;DR: It is shown that it is possible to generate single-copy integration events with high efficiency by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) and that the phenotype is linked to the insertion event for two of the mutants.
Abstract: In the maize pathogenic fungusUstilago maydis integration of transforming DNA at homologous or heterologous sites is often accompanied by duplications of the DNA. We show that it is possible to generate single-copy integration events with high efficiency by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI). In about 50% of cases, a plasmid that contains a singleBamHI site is integrated at chromosomalBamHI sites, ifBamHI is added to the transformation mixtures. In the other cases it appears that integration events have also occurred preferentially atBamHI sites, but without restoration of the recognition sites. Using REMI we have generated approximately 1000 insertion mutants. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that about 1–2% of these mutants were unable to induce symptoms when testedin planta. For two of the mutants we have shown that the phenotype is linked to the insertion event.
TL;DR: Restriction enzyme-mediated DNA integration (REMI) mutagenesis was used to identify mutants of Magnaporthe grisea impaired in pathogenicity and found that the reduction of pathogenicicity in mutant 80 was associated with a delay in conidial germination and appressorium development.
Abstract: Restriction enzyme-mediated DNA integration (REMI) mutagenesis was used to identify mutants of Magnaporthe grisea impaired in pathogenicity. Three REMI protocols were evaluated and the frequency of REMIs determined. An REMI library of 3,527 M. grisea transformants was generated in three genetic backgrounds, and 1,150 transformants were screened for defects in pathogenicity with a barley cut leaf assay. Five mutants were identified and characterized. Two mutants (2029 and 2050) were impaired in appressorium function. Two other mutants, 125 and 130, were altered in conidial morphology, conidiogenesis, and appressorium function. Mutant 130 was also a methionine auxotroph and methionine auxotrophy co-segregated with the reduction in pathogenicity. An additional mutant, 80, showed reduced pathogenicity on blast-susceptible rice cultivars but was fully pathogenic on barley. The reduction of pathogenicity in mutant 80 was associated with a delay in conidial germination and appressorium development. Genetic analy...
TL;DR: This paper presented the Regional Economic Models, Inc. (REMI) Economic-Demographic Forecasting and Simulation (EDFS) model, which is used for regional forecasting and policy simulation in both the US and Canada.
Abstract: This article presents the Regional Economic Models, Inc. (REMI) Economic-Demographic Forecasting and Simulation (EDFS) model, which is used for regional forecasting and policy simulation in both th...
TL;DR: Molecular and genetic analyses of one REMI mutant (R1) indicated that the nonpathogenic phenotype A resulted from a single-site integration, and all hygro-mycin-resistant progen...
Abstract: Hygromycin-resistant transformants of the cucurbit pathogen Colletotrichum magna (teleomorph: Glomerella magna) were generated by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) transformation. A rapid pathogenicity assay involving watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seedlings was developed and 14,400 REMI transformants were screened and assessed for their ability to cause disease, colonize plant tissues, and confer disease resistance against wild-type C. magna. A total of 176 nonpathogenic REMI mutants capable of colonizing cucurbit plants were isolated and assigned to three groups based on their ability to confer disease resistance: phenotype A, 80 to 100% disease protection; phenotype B, 10 to 65% disease protection; and phenotype C, 0 to 4% disease protection. Molecular and genetic analyses of one REMI mutant (R1) indicated that the nonpathogenic phenotype A resulted from a single-site integration. R1 showed a 1:1 segregation of hygromycin resistance and nonpathogenicity and all hygro-mycin-resistant progen...
TL;DR: This report describes the use of restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) to increase the transformation frequency and allow co-transfection of several unselected constructs under the selection of a single selectable marker and demonstrates that REMI may be used in the efficient stable transformation and co-transferion of this and perhaps other protozoan parasites.