TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of the sensor sensitivities is developed; conditions for the waveguide parameters in order to obtain high sensitivities are derived; and it is shown that effects (1) and (2) can be distinguished by measurements of the effective index changes of both the TE0 and the TM0 modes.
Abstract: Grating couplers on planar waveguides can be used as integrated-optical sensors responding to (1) changes in the refractive index of a liquid sample covering the waveguide (differential refractometer) and (2) the adsorption and desorption, respectively, of molecules out of a gaseous or liquid sample on the waveguide (gas or chemical sensor). A theory of the sensor sensitivities is developed; conditions for the waveguide parameters in order to obtain high sensitivities are derived. It is shown that effects (1) and (2) can be distinguished by measurements of the effective index changes of both the TE0 and the TM0 modes. In the analysis both nonporous and microporous waveguiding films are considered.
TL;DR: The miniaturized fiber inline Fabry-Perot interferometer, with an open micro-notch cavity fabricated by one-step fs laser micromachining, is reported for highly sensitive refractive index measurement.
Abstract: We report a miniaturized fiber inline Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI), with an open micro-notch cavity fabricated by one-step fs laser micromachining, for highly sensitive refractive index measurement. The device was tested for measurement of the refractive indices of various liquids including isopropanol, acetone and methanol at room temperature, as well as the temperature-dependent refractive index of deionized water from 3 to 90 degrees C. The sensitivity for measurement of refractive index change of water was 1163 nm/RIU at the wavelength of 1550 nm. The temperature cross-sensitivity of the device was about 1.1x10(-6) RIU/degrees C. The small size, all-fiber structure, small temperature dependence, linear response and high sensitivity, make the device attractive for chemical and biological sensing.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the extended Cauchy model and the four-parameter model for describing the wavelength and temperature effects of liquid crystal (LC) refractive indices.
Abstract: This paper reviews the extended Cauchy model and the four-parameter model for describing the wavelength and temperature effects of liquid crystal (LC) refractive indices. The refractive indices of nine commercial LCs, MLC-9200-000, MLC-9200-100, MLC-6608, MLC-6241-000, 5PCH, 5CB, TL-216, E7, and E44 are measured by the Multi-wavelength Abbe Refractometer. These experimental data are used to validate the theoretical models. Excellent agreement between experiment and theory is obtained.
TL;DR: Refraction, chromatic aberration, and retinal illumination are easily compared in the two species and an analysis of the contribution of each optical surface to refraction may facilitate extrapolation to other strains of mice.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the changes in the transmission spectrum of long period fibre gratings and tilted short-period fibre Bragg gratings versus the refractive index of the surrounding medium.
Abstract: We investigate the changes in the transmission spectrum of long period fibre gratings and tilted short-period fibre Bragg gratings versus the refractive index of the surrounding medium. The metrological characteristics of tilted short-period fibre Bragg gratings and an analytical method enabling their potential use in accurate refractometry are discussed.