Red buckeye

Abstract: This study was undertaken to determine how the results from lipid, moisture, and differential scanning calorimetry analyses conducted on silver maple (Aceraceae: Acer saccharinum L.) and red buckeye (Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus pavia L.) compared with those obtained from previous studies on white and water oaks (Fagaceae: Quercus alba and Q. nigra), and the tropical zone species American muskwood (Meliaceae: Guarea guidonia) and carapa (Meliaceae: Carapa guianensis). Seeds were air-dried at room temperature for 9–11 days. At intervals, germination was tested, moisture determined, and lipids extracted. It was found that, like the other recalcitrant seeds, (1) viability was greatly reduced or lost after 11 days of drying, (2) percentage changes in individual fatty acids were not related to seed viability, and (3) results from the differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed a strong relationship between enthalpy/onset data from the embryo and cotyledon tissues and loss of viability. Also, silver maple seeds experienced a 50% reduction in viability by day 5 of drying and retained an axis moisture content over 25% throughout the experiment. However, unlike the other recalcitrant seeds surveyed, both silver maple and red buckeye had a significant reduction in the total amount (mg/g) of cotyledon lipids as the experiment progressed. However, no decrease in the unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio was found, so we conclude that in these species lipid peroxidation is not a marker of declining seed viability. Also, red buckeye seeds did not lose 50% viability until after day 8 of the experiment, and axis moisture content fell well below 20% as the seeds dried.

Abstract: The recalcitrant behavior of seeds of live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.), and Durand oak (Quercus durandii Buckl.) was examined after hydrated storage at two temperatures, +4o C and -2o C for up to 1 year. Samples were collected and analyses performed at monthly intervals. At each sampling time, seeds were tested for viability and moisture content. Red buckeye (Aesculus pavia L.) seeds were similarly stored but analyzed at intervals of 3 months, while those of cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) and water oak (Quercus nigra L.) were tested yearly. Durand oak, live oak, and red buckeye seeds stored at -2o C maintained higher viability for a longer period of time than did those stored at +4o C. However, live oak acorns were damaged by the colder storage temperature. Sprouting during storage occurred at the higher storage temperature, but not at -2o C. After 2 years, water oak and cherrybark oak acorns which had been dried prior to refrigeration had lower viability than those stored fully hydrated. The damage was especially apparent in cherrybark acorns, with viability reduced after 1 year to 22 percent in those dried and then stored at -2o C and to 5 percent in those stored at +4o C. It is suggested that all precautions against desiccation be taken when collecting cherrybark and water oak acorns that are not for immediate use. Unless the acorns are collected when fresh and maintained in a fully hydrated state, severe losses can arise when stored for only 1 year. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) studies have shown that cherrybark acorns subjected to severe desiccation exhibit irreversible changes in membrane lipid and protein secondary structure. This change was the most sensitive indicator of viability loss as yet encountered in these experiments. Future studies will examine the role of protein denaturation in seed deterioration. 1Plant Physiologist, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Starkville, MS; Biochemist, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, respectively. Citation for proceedings: Outcalt, Kenneth W., ed. 2002. Proceedings of the eleventh biennial southern silvicultural research conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS–48. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 622 p.

Abstract: A unique opportunity on April 25, 1995, to intensively search for mordellid beetles resulted in finding four species on Ossabaw Island, Chatham County, Georgia. This is the first report of their host plant associations and the sympatry of Mordellistena trifasciata and M. minuta. Historically, there has been confusion between these two species (Liljeblad 1945, Khalaf 1971) because their elytral color patterns are practically identical. I provide some overlooked distinctions between them. Mordellistena pubescens (Fabricius) (Fig. 1): 6 specimens on black cherry Prunus serotina (Rosaceae), sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum (Ericaceae), and wax myrtle Myrica cerifera (Myricaceae). According to Liljeblad (1945), the color patterns of this species are quite variable. The dermal color of the Ossabaw specimens varies from reddish brown to black. There are three (sometimes four) dark spots surrounded by cinereous pubescence on the basal half (posterior) of the pronotum. Cinereous pubescence totally covers the anterior portion of the pronotum. The elytral markings of golden pubescence in the Ossabaw specimens are inconsistent with those illustrated by Liljeblad (1945). Because both base and apex are covered with golden pubescence, there appear four golden crossbands on the elytron. The lateral margins are heavily covered with golden pubescence that encloses three dark spots on the elytron. The middle dark spot is usually more or less a crossband. In one specimen, the apical dark spot is so heavily encroached by the apical and penultimate golden crossbands that it is almost obliterated. The short oblique ridges on the posterior tibia vary from 2-6 with the apical two obvious and the basal remainder rudimentary; the basitarsus has 2-4 ridges, again only the apical two are obvious; the second tarsal segment has only one ridge with a rudimentary second barely visible. These counts by Liljeblad (1945) are 3-4, 3, and 2, respectively. Determination of the number of ridges on the posterior leg is therefore highly subjective. Mordellistena andreae andreae Leconte (Fig. 2): 10 specimens on black cherry Prunus serotina (Rosaceae), sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum (Ericaceae), wax myrtle Myrica cerifera (Myricaceae). Liljeblad (1945) named three varieties of this species. The form M. ancilla, regarded as a variety of M. andreae (Liljeblad 1945, Bright 1986), was said by Khalaf (1971) to have the penultimate segments of the anterior and middle tarsi truncated at apex. These segments on all Ossabaw specimens are slightly emarginate or notched at apex. This may be why Khalaf called ancilla a full species. Head and thorax are yellow in the male and black in the female of M. andreae andreae. However, one female from Ossabaw has a totally ferruginous head. Liljeblad (1945) also reported "female with black head except a space in front of antennae which is yellowish." Apparently female head color is variable in this form. Mordellistena trifasciata (Say) (Fig. 3 & Table 1): 2 specimens on red buckeye Aesculus pavia (Hippocastanaceae) and sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum (Ericaceae).

Abstract: Experimental results have been inconclusive about low temperature storage of recalcitrant seeds from temperate zone trees. Experiments were conducted on four species of oak chinkapin (Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.), water (Quercus nigra L.), Shumard (Quercus shumardii Buckl.), and northern red (Quercus rubra L.). Storage temperatures were -1.5 DC and 3 DC, and lengths of storage were 1, 2, and 3 years. Seeds, stored both hydrated and dried, had moisture contents ranging from 23 to 45 percent. Chinkapin acorns did not survive past 1 year in storage, and few northern red acorns were viable after 3 years. Both water oak and Shumard acorns survived at high and low moisture contents; however, Shumard acorns lost 2/3 of their viability by year 3 with best survival rates at -1.5 DC, while water oak survival was over 75 percent after three years storage at 3 DC. Presprouting occurred in all species. Additional investigations have begun on white oak (Quercus alba L.), swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii L.), and red buckeye (Aesculus pavia L.). Differences are known to exist in the degree of recalcitrance in seeds, and these studies will determine if some recalcitrant seeds are more amenable to storage than others. INTRODUCTION Low temperature storage of hardwood tree seeds has been studied for the last 30 years. During this period, it has been determined that seeds can be divided into at least two storage classes orthodox and recalcitrant (Roberts 1973). Orthodox seeds can be dried to a moisture content (MC) less than 12 percent and stored for long periods of time at low or sub-freezing temperatures; recalcitrant seeds are sensitive to moisture loss, making storage for any useful period extremely difficult. Some north American genera containing species with recalcitrant seeds are Castanea (Pritchard and Manger 1990) and some Acer, Aesculus, and Quercus (Bonner 1990). The physiological basis of recalcitrant behavior is not fully understood. Several hypotheses have been proposed suggesting that seed deterioration during storage may be due to (1) deleterious changes in lipid composition (Flood and Sinclair 1981, Pierce and Abdel Samad 1980), (2) physical disruption of the seed membranes (Seewaldt and others 1981, Simon 1974), or (3) an increasingly aberrant metabolism during hydrated storage (Pammenter and others 1994) and as water is lost (Berjak and Pammenter 1997). Acorns of the red oaks and of Quercus robur have reportedly been stored at -1 DC or -2 DC for periods up to 5 years in Europe (Suszka and Tylkowski 1980, 1982). Experiments here have been less successful, suggesting a varying degree of dormancy between European and United States species. We are reporting. the results from a 3-year storage study of chinkapin (Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.), water (Quercus nigra L.), Shumard (Quercus shumardii Buckl.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) acorns; and preliminary results of a storage experiment on species with seeds even more sensitive to desiccation, namely red buckeye (Aesculus pavia L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), and swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii L.). PROCEDURES Shumard, water, and chinkapin oak acorns were collected locally in Oktibbehaand Winston Counties, Mississippi. The northern red oak acorns were from Georgia, the swamp chestnut oak from Texas, and the white oak from North Carolina. All seeds were cleaned by floatation, soaked overnight, and then stored at 3-4 DC until the start of the experiment. Original MC's for each drying regime were determined by drying 4 to 5 samples of acorns at 105 OC for 16 to 17 hours. In preparation for germination tests, acorns were cut in half, and the seed coat peeled from the half containing the embryo. Buckeye seeds were germinated intact. Germinations were conducted on moist Kimpak at an alternating temperature regime of 20 OC for 16 hours in the dark and 30 DC for 8 hours with light. The red oaks received 60 days of moist stratification prior to testing. Since sprouting in storage can be a common problem, counts were made at the start of each germination test of the number of . seeds in a sample which had sprouted during storage and stratification. Experiments were conducted as follows: Experiment 1-High and low moisture levels for Shumard, water, chinkapin, and northern red oak acorns were imposed by either soaking in tap water for 16 hours or by drying on a lab bench for 16 hours. Lots of 100 to 150 acorns were stored in 4-mil polyethylene bags either in a refrigerator set at 3 DC or in a modified chest freezer set at -1.5 DC. Temperature in the latter fluctuated from -1 to -3 DC. Original percent germination was determined for all species and was tested again as follows: 1, 2, and 3 years for water and northern red oak; 2 and 3 years for Shumard oak; and 1 and 2 years for chinkapin oak. Seeds were germinated as six replications per sampling period. Experiment 2-This experiment was conducted on tree species with highly recalcitrant seeds. Two separate lots of swamp chestnut oak acorns were received from Texas; the first lot was stored fresh or after drying on the lab bench for 2 days. Buckeye and the second lot of swamp chestnut oak acorns were stored either fresh or after drying for 3 or6 days on the lab bench; the large size of these seeds and limited amounts received restricted quantity stored to 25 per bag. White oak acorns were stored 50 per bag at the fresh MC only. Seeds were stored at either 4 DC in a Lab-Line Ambi, Paper presented at the Tenth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, Shreveport, LA, February 16-18, 1999. 2 Plant Physiologist and Plant Physiologist (Emeritus), USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Mississippi State, MS 39762, respectively. Hi-Low Chamber or at-2 DC in a modified chest freezer. Original percent germination was determined, and all species were tested again at 75 and 90 days. Seeds were germinated as two replications per sampling period. Seeds dried prior to storage were rehydrated overnight in tap water prior to germination testing. Tests at 120 days and 6 months are planned. RESULTS Experiment 1-High MC's ranged from 33 percent (Shumard) to 46 percent (northem red) and lows from 23 percent (water oak) to 35 percent (northem red); original viability averaged over 90 percent for all species (table 1). Chinkapin oak did not survive formore than 1 year in storage; by this time, sprouting was prevalent, especially in the high temperature treatment (3 DC), and germination had been reduced by at least 30 percent for all treatments (fig. 1). Storage at the low temperature treatment, -1.5 DC, yielded the best results; MC at this temperature did not have a Significant effect on storability. Northern red oak also did not store well beyond 1 year. Storage at -1.5 DC kept germination high and sprouting at a minimum (fig. 1); however, unlike chinkapin oak, the acorns stored at -1.5 DC and high MC yielded signiftcantly better germination results than those dried prior to storage. By the second year, however (fig. 2), germination had dropped below 35 percent, even in the best storage treatment (-1.5 DC/high MC); and by year 3, survival in all treatments was minimal (fig. 3). The best 2-year storage treatment for Shumard oak was also -1.5 DC/high MC (fig. 2). However, like chinkapin oak, germination had fallen well over 30 percent from the Original value, and by year 3 (fig. 3), viability had dropped to less than 30 percent for all treatments. Water oak was unique in that storage at -1.5 DC was not superior to that at 3 DC; and, unlike any of the other species, one treatment, 3 DC/high MC, had excellent survival after 3 years (figS. 1-3). Experiment 2-MC's of fresh seeds vs. those dried for 2 to 6 days varied by as little as 4.5 percent or as much as 17.5 percent within a species (table 2); original viability of treated seeds averaged 80 percent or more. Quercus michauxii acoms did not store well at 4 DC. but. through 90 days have survived at rates above 50 percent when stored at -2 DC (fig. 4). In contrast. red buckeye seeds (fresh and day 3 . 124 Table 1-Original average moisture contents and germination of acorns at the start of storage experiment 1