TL;DR: New data resources and improved study methodology are needed to better identify and quantify the full spectrum of nonclinical factors that contribute to the higher cancer mortality among racial/ethnic minorities and to develop strategies to facilitate receipt of appropriate cancer care for all patients.
Abstract: A disproportionate number of cancer deaths occur among racial/ethnic minorities, particularly African Americans, who have a 33% higher risk of dying of cancer than whites. Although differences in incidence and stage of disease at diagnosis may contribute to racial disparities in mortality, evidence of racial disparities in the receipt of treatment of other chronic diseases raises questions about the possible role of inequities in the receipt of cancer treatment. To evaluate racial/ethnic disparities in the receipt of cancer treatment, we examined the published literature that addressed access/use of specific cancer treatment procedures, trends in patterns of use, or survival studies. We found evidence of racial disparities in receipt of definitive primary therapy, conservative therapy, and adjuvant therapy. These treatment differences could not be completely explained by racial/ethnic variation in clinically relevant factors. In many studies, these treatment differences were associated with an adverse impact on the health outcomes of racial/ethnic minorities, including more frequent recurrence, shorter disease-free survival, and higher mortality. Reducing the influence of nonclinical factors on the receipt of cancer treatment may, therefore, provide an important means of reducing racial/ethnic disparities in health. New data resources and improved study methodology are needed to better identify and quantify the full spectrum of nonclinical factors that contribute to the higher cancer mortality among racial/ethnic minorities and to develop strategies to facilitate receipt of appropriate cancer care for all patients.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined a possible explanation for this inconsistency, that awareness of receiving support entails an emotional cost and that the most effective support is unnoticed by the recipient, and they showed that many transactions reported by supporters are not reported by recipients.
Abstract: Although there is abundant evidence that perceived availability of support buffers the effects of stressors on mental health, the relatively meager research on support transactions has failed to show an association between actual receipt of support and adjustment to stressors. The authors examined a possible explanation for this inconsistency, that awareness of receiving support entails an emotional cost and that the most effective support is unnoticed by the recipient. Using data from a daily diary study of support provision and receipt in couples, the authors show that many transactions reported by supporters are not reported by recipients. They also show that these invisible support transactions promote adjustment to a major stressor.
TL;DR: The authors measured the change in household spending caused by receipt of the economic stimulus payments of 2008, using questions added to the Consumer Expenditure Survey and variation from the ran-time survey.
Abstract: We measure the change in household spending caused by receipt of the economic stimulus payments of 2008, using questions added to the Consumer Expenditure Survey and variation from the ran...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the stock price impact of international dual listings and found that the market reaction to a Depositary Receipt program is larger in magnitude and more pervasive than previously reported.
TL;DR: The author characterizes efficient networks for both one-shot and repeated regimes, as well as the corresponding 'production function' relating the number of items processed to the number-of- processors and the delay.
Abstract: In a decision-theoretic model of a firm, the author represents managers as information processors of limited capacity; efficiency is measured in terms of (1) the number of processors and (2) the delay between the receipt of information by the organization and the implementation of the decision. The author characterizes efficient networks for both one-shot and repeated regimes, as well as the corresponding 'production function' relating the number of items processed to the number of processors and the delay. He sketches some applications to common decision paradigms, and implications for decentralization and organizational returns to scale. Copyright 1993 by The Econometric Society.