TL;DR: The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is introduced, and is operationally defined for different ranges from 0.65 K upwards in terms of vapour-pressure thermometers, gas thermometry, platinum resistance thermometry and optical pyrometry as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this paper, the International Practical Temperature Scale is used to measure the degree of heat in a moving fluid, and the concept of flow rate is introduced, along with the concepts of pressure and flow rate.
Abstract: TEMPERATURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT. Early Attempts to Measure Degrees of Heat. The Air Thermometer. Thermodynamic Viewpoints of Temperature. The International Practical Temperature Scale. Liquid--in--Glass Thermometers. Resistance Thermometry. Thermoelectric Thermometry. Optical Pyrometry. Calibration of Temperature Sensors. Uncertainties and Statistics. Temperature Measurement in Moving Fluids. Installation Effects on Temperature Sensors. Transient Temperature Measurement. PRESSURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT. The Concepts of Pressure. Pressure Standards. Principles of Conventional Pressure Transducers. Pressure Measurement in Moving Fluids. Transient Pressure Measurement. FLOW AND ITS MEASUREMENT. The Concept of Flow Rate. Open--Channel Flow. Theoretical Rates in Closed--Channel Flow. The Discharge Coefficient. The Expansion Factor. Installations and Uncertainties. Answers to Problems. Solutions to Problems.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the fractal structure of soot aggregates on the rate of heat loss to the surrounding gas was investigated in the presence of relatively low laser fluences under which soot particles are heated to temperatures below 3500 K.
TL;DR: In this article, a method based on the spectroscopy of inorganic luminescent materials is described and exemplified in experiments related to combustion, which involves the use of thermographic phosphors which enable remote temperature diagnostics to be performed with a high degree of sensitivity and accuracy.
TL;DR: In this article, a film formation system with a top cover and pyrometers is described, where the temperature of the substrate is obtained from pyrometric data from the pyrometer 405, and the emissometer 410.
Abstract: A film formation system 10 has a processing chamber 15 bounded by sidewalls 18 and a top cover 11. In one embodiment, the top cover 11 has a reflective surface 13 for reflecting radiant energy back onto a substrate 19, pyrometers 405 for measuring the temperature of the substrate 19 across a number of zones, and at least one emissometer 410 for measuring the actual emissivity of the substrate 19. In another embodiment, a radiant heating system 313 is disposed under the substrate support 16. The temperature of the substrate 19 is obtained from pyrometric data from the pyrometers 405, and the emissometer 410.