TL;DR: Dopamine agonist treatment in PD is associated with 2- to 3.5-fold increased odds of having an ICD, which represents a drug class relationship across ICDs.
Abstract: Context An association between dopamine-replacement therapies and impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson disease (PD) has been suggested in preliminary studies. Objectives To ascertain point prevalence estimates of 4 ICDs in PD and examine their associations with dopamine-replacement therapies and other clinical characteristics. Design Cross-sectional study using an a priori established sampling procedure for subject recruitment and raters blinded to PD medication status. Patients Three thousand ninety patients with treated idiopathic PD receiving routine clinical care at 46 movement disorder centers in the United States and Canada. Main Outcome Measures The Massachusetts Gambling Screen score for current problem/pathological gambling, the Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview score for compulsive sexual behavior and buying, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders research criteria for binge-eating disorder. Results An ICD was identified in 13.6% of patients (gambling in 5.0%, compulsive sexual behavior in 3.5%, compulsive buying in 5.7%, and binge-eating disorder in 4.3%), and 3.9% had 2 or more ICDs. Impulse control disorders were more common in patients treated with a dopamine agonist than in patients not taking a dopamine agonist (17.1% vs 6.9%; odds ratio [OR], 2.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.08-3.54; P P = .14). Additional variables independently associated with ICDs were levodopa use, living in the United States, younger age, being unmarried, current cigarette smoking, and a family history of gambling problems. Conclusions Dopamine agonist treatment in PD is associated with 2- to 3.5-fold increased odds of having an ICD. This association represents a drug class relationship across ICDs. The association of other demographic and clinical variables with ICDs suggests a complex relationship that requires additional investigation to optimize prevention and treatment strategies. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00617019
TL;DR: Patients with PD treated with a dopamine agonist should be made aware of the risk of developing an ICD and monitored clinically, and the dopamine agonists-associated risk for ICDs in other populations should be assessed.
Abstract: Objective
To determine the frequency and correlates of impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson’s disease (PD).
TL;DR: Hedonistic homeostatic dysregulation is a neuropsychological behavioural disorder associated with substance misuse and addiction that develops in male patients with early onset Parkinson's disease, and can occur with orally and subcutaneously administered DRT.
Abstract: Hedonistic homeostatic dysregulation is a neuropsychological behavioural disorder associated with substance misuse and addiction. The disorder has been recognised as a consequence of dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) in 15 patients with Parkinson's disease. The syndrome typically develops in male patients with early onset Parkinson's disease, and can occur with orally and subcutaneously administered DRT. These patients take increasing quantities of their DRT, despite increasingly severe drug induced dyskinesias, and may develop a cyclical mood disorder with hypomania or manic psychosis. There is impairment of social and occupational functioning. Tolerance develops to mood elevating effects of DRT and a negative affective withdrawal state occurs if the drugs are withdrawn or doses decreased. The clinical features and guidelines for managing this syndrome are discussed. A set of diagnostic criteria for further investigating this condition is proposed.
TL;DR: Dopamine agonist therapy was associated with potentially reversible pathological gambling, and pramipexole was the medication predominantly implicated.
Abstract: Background Pathological gambling is a rare potential complication related to treatment of Parkinson disease (PD). However, the etiology of this behavior is poorly understood. Objective To examine the relationship between medical therapy for PD and pathological gambling. Methods In our routine movement disorders practice (2002-2004), we encountered 11 patients with idiopathic PD who had recently developed pathological gambling. We assessed the relationship to their medical therapy and compared them with cases identified by systematic review of the existing literature on pathological gambling and PD. Results All 11 patients with PD and pathological gambling were taking therapeutic doses of a dopamine agonist; 3 of these patients were not treated with levodopa. In 7 patients, pathological gambling developed within 3 months of starting to take or escalating the dose of the agonist; in the other 4 with a longer latency, gambling resolved after the agonist use was discontinued. Pramipexole dihydrochloride was the agonist in 9 of 11 cases in our series and 10 of 17 in the literature (68% in total). Conclusions Dopamine agonist therapy was associated with potentially reversible pathological gambling, and pramipexole was the medication predominantly implicated. This may relate to disproportionate stimulation of dopamine D 3 receptors, which are primarily localized to the limbic system. Published online July 11, 2005 (doi:10.1001/archneur.62.9.noc50009).
TL;DR: The most common type of dyskinesia, called “peak‐dose dyskinese”, usually consists of stereotypical choreic or ballistic movements involving the head, trunk, and limbs, and occasionally, the respiratory muscles, whereas tremor and punding are less‐common complications.