Showing papers on "Proteomics published in 1983"
TL;DR: The topic of this report is rap,d m,croscale methods for,solat,on of plant D N A without tile use of ul tracentr ,fugatlon wEth CsCI, which is of moderately high molecular weight and serves as a satisfactory substrate for most restrlctum cndonucleases and is statable for genom,c blot analys,s.
Abstract: The topic of this report is rap,d m,croscale methods for ,solat,on of plant D N A without tile use of ul tracentr ,fugatlon wEth CsCI. The D N A produced ,s of moderately high molecular weight and serves as a satisfactory substrate for most restrlctum cndonucleases and is statable for genom,c blot analys,s. In addi t ion to the rapidi ty and convenience of mlmpreps which permit a large number of samples to be processed in just a few hours, the small amount of tissue reqmred (less than 1.0 grams) allows tbr molecular analysis of plants at a very young stage Mm,prep D N A y,elds from leaf tissue of most species tested to date are typ,cally 30-100 big per gram tissue, greater than 50 kb, and remarkably uniform from sample to sample. The first mmlprep procedure we reported fi3r maize D N A isolation (Dellaporta et al , ;'*l,;tze Geneta3 Cr162162 Neu'_~letlrt. 1983) was adapted from a procedure commonly used for }'east D N A preparatmn (Dav,s et al. , 1980) Since th,s report, numerous personal commun,cat ,ons have demonstrated that the mm,prep procedure or a modification thereof, can be apphed to most plant species tested. For example, the method has been successfully used on Ntcottana hlgl~um. N. plumklgmgidtum. N. 3)/t'eJtrt~. L)s~opertcum sp.. Amar,mthm sp . Gl)~me max. Petuma h.~hra&. Several modifications have been apphed by these ,nvestlgators and in our own laboratory m order to extend the appl ,catmn of ram,prep procedures to other plant species. The select,on of a part icular protocol depends to a large degree on the plant spec,es used. However, the procedure reported here was selected to be statable for most situations.
7,860 citations
TL;DR: In the laboratory, the major tuber proteins of potato are being used as biochemical tools to study the process of tuberization and it is found that these proteins are very amenable to analysis, but that they appear to be regulated very differently from seed storage proteins.
Abstract: M uch of the world's food comes from root and tuber crops such as potato, sweet potato, and casava. While these are normally thought of as starch crops, in some cases they also contain significant amounts of protein. Potatoes, for example, are second only to soybeans in production of protein per acre (Johnson and Lay, 1974) and contain protein of excellent nutritional quality (Kaldy, 1972). In spite of the economic importance of root and tuber crops, very little work has been focused on the molecular biology of somatic storage tissue differentiation. In our laboratory we have been using the major tuber proteins of potato as biochemical tools to study the process of tuberization. We have found that these proteins are very amenable to analysis, but that they appear to be regulated very differently from seed storage proteins.
31 citations
TL;DR: The haplo,d genomes of sperm and egg do not make any of the structures found in these cells, rather these are formed by diploid precursor cells and other somatic cells such as follicle cells.
Abstract: T h e A n g i o s p e r m L i f e C y c l e a n d t h e R o l e o f M e r i s t e m s A new angiosperm or vertebrate is formed by the union of two gametes each bear, ng a haploid complement of chromosomes. In ammals, there is l i t t le evidence indicat ing that the gametes are genetically active, and much evidence rod,caring that the gametes are genetically inert. For example, animal sperm can be ,rrad,ated at high dosage and still successfully activate an egg The haplo,d genomes of sperm and egg do not make any of the structures found in these cells, rather these are formed by diploid precursor cells and other somatic cells such as follicle cells. In lower plants, the haploid phase of the life cycle is often the dominant
28 citations
TL;DR: Despite the considerable research efforts involving a wide variety of muscle disorders, it seems that with some notable exceptions, for example, myasthenia gravis, where the defect involves a malfunctioning of the neuromuscular junction, the authors still have far to go in establishing whether fundamental abnormalities exist in the contractile machinery in different disease states.
Abstract: The past 30 years has been a period of rapid development in the field of muscle research. In line with our understanding of the mechanics of contraction, major advances have been made in elucidating the underlying biochemical reactions that are at the heart of the contractile process. The role played by myosin and actin in the mechanism of striated muscle contraction is well documented and, although much remains to be done in solving the spatial sequence of events in this ordered contractile system, significant progress is now being made on the study of these ubiquitous proteins in less well-ordered smooth muscle and non-muscle motile systems. The regulation of this process at the contractile protein level, mediated by changes in calcium ion concentration, has been shown to involve specific tropomyosin-troponin regulatory protein complexes (Perry, 1979) or modifications of the myosin molecule (for review, see Kendrick-Jones & Scholey, 1981). Hand in hand with these advances, attempts have understandably been made to relate the findings to the problems of diseases of muscle. However, despite the considerable research efforts involving a wide variety of muscle disorders, it seems that with some notable exceptions, for example, myasthenia gravis, where the defect involves a malfunctioning of the neuromuscular junction (Lindstrom et al., 1976), we still have far to go in establishing whether fundamental abnormalities exist in the contractile machinery in different disease states. Several problems confront the researcher who attempts to apply the basic research findings to particular clinical disorders. Not least is the problem as to whether the disease in question, be it a muscular dystrophy or other hereditary myopathy, is the result of a primary defect at the contractile protein level or whether the observed and well-described defects in muscle structure and performance are secondary to neural, hormonal or other influences on muscle function. Of course, this is not to say that an observed defect at the muscle protein level, which could be the last link in a sequence of
20 citations
TL;DR: M ult iple specie`` of RNA of ten tnu,,t be a n a l b / e d v, hen ,,t/M?
Abstract: M ult iple specie`` of RNA of ten tnu,,t be a n a l b / e d v, hen ,,t/M?.ln~z plarll \\11u,,c,,. l hc repl ica t ion o f s ing le -s t randed {,,,s) R N A plant x iru,,e', proceed,, Ihioug.h the sx nlhesi,, in infected cell,,, o f a double str:.ulded (ds) RNA ``lructurc (d``RN..\\), lcrlnccl rcl'~hcatl\\c form (RF) (Ralph , 1969), cc, r r e spond ing tO tv. ice the '.,h,'C of the genomlc ,,sRN .\\. In add> lWUl to lhc lnaior R[: d s R N A , smallei dsRN,~`` h a \\ c al,,o bccn dclcclccl iii m a n \\ ,,llu,,infected plants ( ( ' o l ld l l alld Fr,.tenkel-('t 'ulr:.lt, 1979; l):.t' , \\``tm .:.liad D o d d , , , 1 9 9 2 ; l )oc lc l , , zltl,,I B;,ir-Joseph, 1983; [ |cnr iquc, , and \\ lorr l ` ` , 1979: XlorN,, atlcl l)o,.lds, 19~9: 7clccl cl al. . 19g I). The negatlxc q t a n d el the till.lOt dsRN,.\\ is the le111platc loi \\ it:3.1 gellOllllc RN .\\ Cc, ndlt and Fr;.lenkcl-('c, niat (1979) and Henrlque, , and .klori t̀ ̀ (1979) prcq-~c,,,ed lh,lt the ``inalle! d , ,RNAs (\", . l ibgcilonllc\" dsRNA``) are i n \\ o l \\ e d In `` t lbgenoll l lC m R N . \\ x\\lat]10',l', (]oelel and Kdlll (ITS,\";2) r epor l cd e \\ l de l l cc for at lea',t S Y-colclmln
14 citations
13 citations
TL;DR: A number of known useful viral induced symptoms will herein be described, with particular attention to male sterility, a highly valuable trait which can be carried by plant viruses.
Abstract: p lant viruses have a number of traits that may make them useful for the improvement of aericultural crops. The value of some plant viruses in horticultural applications has already been demonstrated, but some problems remain to be soh'ed before such agents can bc used in agricultural practice. A number of known useful viral induced symptoms will herein be described, with particular attention gwen to male sterility, a highly valuable trait which can be carried by plant viruses. In addition, some characteristics of viruses will be discussed from the perspective of their potential at genetic vectors.
2 citations
TL;DR: A rapid method for the isolation of RNA from maize mitochondria and its subsequent analysis by gel electrophoresis, blotting, and extraction of individual RNA species appears to be sufficiently general for isolation of organelle RNA from many plant species.
Abstract: w e have been studying RNA from the mitochondria of Zea mays. Presented here is a rapid method for the isolation of RNA from maize mitochondria and its subsequent analysis by gel electrophoresis, blotting, and extraction of individual RNA species. With minor modifications of the initial tissue preparation these techniques appear to be sufficiently general for isolation of organelle RNA from many plant species.
2 citations
TL;DR: It has been hypothesized (Forde and Leaver, 1979, 1980; Lea~er and Gray, 1982) that the 13K polypeptide is involved in disease susceptibility, perhaps as a receptor for T-to\ in .
Abstract: T ile 1970 epiphytotic of Southern Corn Leaf Blight in the United States started a great deal of research on the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between the causal fungus, Hehmttthosportum maydts (Cochliobolus heterostrophus) race T and its host, maize containing Texas cytoplasmic male sterility (Toms). This research has shown that H. ma.vdts race T produces a toxin, T-toxin, with the same specificity for Tcms maize as the fungus, and that the site of action of T-toxin is the mitochondrlon, consistent `.,,lth the Tcms trait being inherited maternally'. In a series of recent papers, Leaver and co-`.`.orkers have made a significant contribution to our tmderstanding of the ultimate molecular mechanisms of male sterility and disease susceptibility by studying the patterns of polypeptides synthesized by isolated m~tochondrm l'rom male-fertde (N) and Toms maize (Forde et al., 1978; Forde and Leaver, i979, 1980; Leaver and Gray, 1982). These studies constitute an important link between ~,,ork showing differences between the restriction endonuclease patterns of N and Toms maize mitochondrial DNA (Le,, ir|gs and Pring, 1976) and the large body of physiological e~idence on the mode of action of T-toxin. Presumably proteins mediate the effects of T-toxin as either Tto \\ in recognitmn agents or as producers of critical membrane components. Forde et al. (1978) found that Toms but not N mitochondria in vttro synthesized a 13,000 MW (13K) polypeptide, and N but not Toms mitochondrla synthesized a 21,000 MW (21K) polypeptlde. When male-sterde Toms maize (Trf) was restored to fertihty by incorporation of nuclear dominant fertihty-restoring (Rf) genes (TRf), the 21K polypeptide did not change but the 13K polypeptide ,,,,as strongly suppressed (Forde and keaver, 1980). It has been hypothesized (Forde and Leaver, 1979, 1980; Lea~er and Gray, 1982) that the 13K polypeptide is involved in disease susceptibility, perhaps as a receptor for T-to\\ in . This conclusion is based on a paper (Barratt and Flavell, 1975) that was claimed to ,,ho`.s that TRf mltochondr~a were \"sigr|ificantly less sensitive to T-toxin than mitochondrm from non-restored lines\" (Leaver and Gray, 1982). Howe`.er, there are reasons to doubt that TRf mitochondria are, in fact, resistant to T-toxin, and, therefore, that the 13K polypeptide is involved in T-toxin sensitivity.
2 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that large numbers of restriction site polymorphisms can be found in the vicinity of genes defined by the use of cloned eDNA probes, and that these can be used to identify and map new genetic loci without having to find new phenotypes or new enzyme activities.
Abstract: T he studv of variation is the basis of genetic analysis, evolutionary studies, and population t~iology, and of course, (s fundamental in the improvement of agricultural plants. In this context, the uncovering of new sources of variation and the ability to describe novel types of variation is of great importance to plant biologists. In maize, as well as other plants, variation has been widely studied at several levels: for phenotypic characters such as morphology and plant products (Goodman and Bird, 1977), for protein level changes as are revealed by isozyme analysis (Newton and Schwartz, 1980), and at the level of tile whole genome by analyzing the kinetics and stability of DNA:DNA reassociations in solution hybridization (Hake and Walbot, 1980). Recently, it has become possible to examine genome variation in much greater detail through the use of specific cloned DNA probes. The use of cloned probes makes direct nucleic acid analysis a fairly simple and extremely sensitive method of detecting types of variability that are inaccessible in phenotype or protein analysis. We will show belong, that we can easily detect extensive variation between modern inbred lines of maize, as well as between maize and its close relatives, the teosmtes. By using clones of repetitive DNA sequences, we have discovered considerable changes in the copy number of repeated DNA, and many restriction site polymorphisms. These types of variation cannot be detected at the phenotypic or protein level, although they may have important consequences in plant growth and adaptation. We also show that large numbers of restriction site polymorphisms can be found in the vicinity of genes defined by the use of cloned eDNA probes, and that these can be used to identify and map new genetic loci without having to find new phenotypes or new enzyme activities.