Abstract: Craft specialization, a concomitant of evolving social complexity, is regarded as a process of regulating variety in extractive or productive activities. A trial model for the evolution of specialization in pottery production is presented, together with test implications for the archaeological recognition of specialized production. Emphasis is on standardization vs. variability or diversity in decorative, technological, and formal pottery attributes. A partial test of the model is made using ceramic data from the Maya site of Barton Ramie, Belize. Specialization is hypothesized to begin in "elite" goods, which are also more elaborated, while "utilitarian" goods are more standardized.

Abstract: Campanian pottery is generally defined as being a blackcoated ware which was produced from the fourth to the first centuries B.C. in the western area of the Mediterranean basin (Morel 1980). During the second and the first centuries B.C. three productions can be clearly distinguished by their extensive distribution and by their particular typological characteristics. The type A has a red paste, the type B a creamy-yellow paste and the type C a grey paste (Lamboglia 1952). In all three cases we are dealing with ceramics produced in Italy which were very widely exported in the western and even the eastern Mediterranean. The type B includes several varieties which correspond to productions coming from different regions of Italy. This is not the case for the type A which originates in the Naples region and the type C which originates in Sicily. A variety of Campanian B, of very high quality, seems to have been produced in Etruria where it is well represented in the excavated material from Cosa (Taylor 1977). Another variety, very prevalent amongst the exports, would have been produced in the Cales region, a site already known for its relief productions of the second half of the third century and the beginning of the second century B.C. (Pagenstecher 1909). The characteristics of the paste’s colour of the Campanian types A and B are due to differences in the percentages of CaO (Picon 1977), the type A having a non calcareous or moderately calcareous paste (3-5 wt% CaO), the type B being very calcareous (8-1 1 wt% CaO) according to the nomenclature of Maniatis and Tite (1978, 1978/79). At Calks itself, two types of paste are found. One is very calcareous (1 3.6 wt% CaO, as mean for 8 analysed specimens) and appears at a later period on the site and concerns above all the so-called pre-sigillata pottery. The other paste, less calcareous (9.0 wt% CaO, as mean for 25 analysed specimens), corresponds to the vast majority of blackcoated wares from this site. More recent analyses carried out on twenty specimens (from the collection of M. Picon) of the most frequently found type of paste at Calds confirm these characteristics (table 1). The present study deals with the characteristic black coating of these twenty objects; all

Abstract: This study reanalyzes the material from the excavations and survey of Eann Macdonald in the Wadi Ghazzeh in 1929-30 which are published in Beth Pelet II. Each site investigated by Macdonald is discussed and analyzed in terms of the stratigraphy recorded in Beth Pelet II and of the Material remains gathered through his work that are found in the collections of the Institute of Archaeology of the University of London, the British Museum and the Ashmolean Museum. Additional information is provided through consideration of subsequent work in the region by Messrs. Perrot and Alon. Four cultural phases are distinguishable - a local ceramic Neolithic phase that is found primarily in Sites B and M, two Beer Sheba-Ghassul Chalcolithic phases in Sites D, E, 0, M, A, and B and an Early Bronze I phase in Site H. These phases are defined on the basis of the technological and typological attributes of the flaked stone and ceramic assemblages. Re-examination of the collections revealed a significant number of Egyptian and Egyptian style flints in Site H as well as the possibility that some of the pottery is a local imitation of Egyptian ceramics. Certain flaked stone artifacts in Chalcolithic contexts ay also owe their existence to Egyptian influence. The analyses are based upon a detailed study of almost 15,000 flaked stone and ceramic artifacts. The typology and technical analysis of the flaked stone assemblage, developed with the aid of statistical techniques, is the first such study conducted on protohistoric Material from Israel and should serve as a basic building block for future research. The similar development of the typology and technological analysis of the ceramic material is one of the few times prehistoric lithic analytic techniques have been adapted to ceramic studies.

Abstract: Hunters and fishermen early farming communities - chambered tombs/settlements/pottery/stone axes and carved stone balls Henge monuments and stone circles the first metal workers - pottery and burials/cairns and standing stones/decorated stones/bronze and gold objects/settlements and agriculture warrior celts - forts/palisaded homesteads and settlements/brochs/duns/crannogs/souterrains/wheelhouses/social structure and art Roman Scotland - Gnaeus Julius Agricola/the Antonine wall/the Severan campaigns/forts and practice siege works/religious life Britons, Angles and Scots the Pictish Kingdom - Pictish art/Pictish society/the Church in Pictland/Fine metalwork/burials/forts and settlements

Abstract: Rodney S. Young directed excavations for the Museum at the site of Gordion on the central plateau in Anatolia (modern Turkey) in alternate years from 1950 to 1973. Traces of occupation as early as the Early Bronze Age have been identified, but Gordion flourished in the time of the historic King Midas, toward the end of the eighth century B.C. The three huge tumuli-covered wooden burial chambers detailed here contained a wealth of bronze vessels, fine wooden furniture, and pottery. University Museum Monograph, 43

Abstract: Although pottery schools that imitated Attic pottery were established during the sixth and fifth centuries B.C., few successfully challenged the productive Attic workshops. In the second half of the fifth century, however, schools that had an impact on Attic pottery distribution were begun at Thurii, Taras, Falerii, Syracuse, Lipari, Olympia, Corinth, Smyrna, and Olynthos. Most appear to have been founded by Attic-trained potters who decided to leave Athens at this time. Their emigration caused a reduction in personnel in the Attic pottery industry that resulted in an increased reliance on cheaper, mass-produced pots. With the exception of the two earliest schools, the majority were founded during or immediately after the Peloponnesian War. Potters would not have left Athens because of lack of markets abroad, since the war did not adversely affect the distribution of Attic pottery. While wartime conditions, especially the plague, depleted the general work force, the protracted war may have also prompted some craftsmen to abandon Athens, especially metics who had previously considered permanent residency; in addition, slaves could have escaped more easily during wartime. Both groups combined to form a large segment of skilled craftsmen; still the number of 6migrds need not be large since the pottery industry was relatively small. The artistic decline that resulted from the emigrpation of potters from Athens permitted the continued development of the new local schools during the late fifth and early fourth centuries. As the fourth century progressed, the importance of Attic pottery as an export ware gradually declined. During the sixth and fifth centuries, various pottery schools that imitated the popular Attic styles were established around the Mediterranean; but few schools could compete successfully with the productive Attic workshops and their effect on Attic pottery distribution was minimal.' During the second half of the fifth century, however, a number of pottery schools that effectively challenged the Athenian monopoly were established. Because many of them, at their inception, produced pottery closely resembling Attic wares in both style and technique, they probably were founded by Attictrained potters and painters who decided to leave Athens du ing this period. A reduction in personnel in th Attic pottery industry, which such emigration would cause, is suggested by the apparent decline in the number of pots produced and the increased reliance on cheaper, mass-produced pots by the late fifth century. This combination of events may be responsible in part for the gradual decline of Attic pottery as an export ware during

Abstract: Since the completion of the salvage excavations at Tell Hadidi in 1978 work has continued on the reconstruction and study of the excavated materials as preparation for the final publication. Some of the most significant evidence for the Late Bronze Age comes from our Area H.' We are making this material available here in preliminary form but c nnot go into detailed descriptions of objects or extensive discussions of the loci involved. Our discussion is in two parts, the pottery inventory of

Abstract: The product of the Late Bronze Age Greek ceramic workshops is a technically excellent fabric that enjoyed considerable popularity from Sicily to Syria and from Anatolia to the Nile Valley.' The primary study of this pottery was made by A. Furumark, who divided the then-known material into 336 vessel shapes (FS = Furumark Shape) and the painted decoration into 78 motifs (FM Furumark Motif).2 These typological and decorative elements, and their variations, were each assigned a place within a framework of relative chronology, which, in one of its simplest forms, produced the following sub-divisions:

Abstract: Archeological research in the Admiralty Islands provides evidence of occupation by 3500 years ago and suggests settlement by obsidian-using maritime colonists, whose Lapita pottery style underwent gradual modification within the Admiralties.

Abstract: Cow manure was added to clay and fired in an electric kiln to examine its effect on the plasticity and firing ability of the clay. Two firing temperatures were tried. The experiment and the results are reported here. Dung was used. and continues to be used. as a tempering material and additive to increase plasticity in pottery around the world.

Abstract: Summary. An extensive urn cemetery associated with a complex flint platform, excavated by Max Dacre between 1966 and 1970, included burials of late Neolithic, Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age (‘Deverel-Rimbury’) and Late Bronze Age date. The cemetery developed organically from a late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age focus which had evolved around one or more large sarsen stones.The pottery sequence is of particular interest. The chronological precedence of all the barrel urn types of Central Wessex has been demonstrated for the first time and the Deverel-Rimbury phases contain pottery which relates both to the local Wessex sequence and to the Lower Thames Valley assemblages. The later Deverel-Rimbury phases also include vessels of the post-Deverel-Rimbury tradition and the final burials were interred in Late Bronze Age jars.Analysis of the associated cremations gives some indication of the age and sex structure of each phase of burials, although identification proved difficult owing to the post-incineration process of pulverization to which the remains had been subjected in all phases. The existence of a range of age groups and both sexes in each phase serves to confirm the hypothesis that modular units within such later Bronze Age cemeteries represented the burial places of individual small social groups.The urn cemetery developed gradually over a period of 1500 years (from c. 2100 to 600 BC).

Abstract: Excavations at Pottery Mound, a large Pueblo ruin located on the banks of the Rio Puerco in New Mexico, have recovered over 4,000 bird bones representing 50 species. The habitats of these birds include grassland, marshland, canal- and riverbank, Pinyon-juniper forest, and coniferous forest. Instead of attributing this diversity to changing climate or long-distance hunting expeditions away from the pueblo, I employ the "garden hunting" model, which ascribes increased species biomass to areas of human disturbance. At Pottery Mound prehistoric agricultural fields increased insect populations and provided wild and cultivated seeds which attracted a variety of birds. Additionally, irrigation canals extended riparian growth from the river across the floodplain creating more available cover for predators. This ecotone effect allowed avian species to increase beyond their normal numbers and diversity in undisturbed areas. All 50 species at Pottery Mound could have been obtained within a small radius of the site. Pottery Mound is a large Pueblo ruin on the banks of the Rio Puerco, Valencia County, New Mexico. It lies approximately 32 km southwest of Los Lunas at an elevation of 1,527 m. The site is named from the large quantity of pot sherds on the surface. Excavation the surface. Excavations by Frank C. Hibben of the University of New Mexico began in 1954 because of erosional impacts of the Rio Puerco and continued until 1962. These initial excavations uncovered three superimposed Pueblo structures with several of the rooms containing remarkably well-preserved wall paintings or murals (Hibben 1955). A description of the site and representations of over 100 of the murals can be found in Hibben (1975). Recently, excavations were re-initiated, again because of erosional impacts of the Rio Puerco.

Abstract: Research over the past five years or so indicates that in north-western and central Kenya and northern Tanzania pastoralism is much older than previously supposed. Radiocarbon dates from the central Rift valley and the Serengeti plains suggest the presence of domestic cattle by about the sixth millennium b.c. Early pottery traditions in the central Rift valley and around Lake Turkana have been more precisely identified. A continuing research project in the southern Sudan has revealed early pottery with possible northern affinities and rouletted pottery of the first as well as second millennia a.d. In north-western Tanzania, iron would still seem to have been smelted as early as the sixth century b.c. The use of iron, and perhaps of rouletted ware, by pastoral peoples in central Kenya is now dated to the late first millennium a.d. In Malawi, food-production would still seem to have been introduced early in that millennium, but the introduction of cattle has now been dated to the third or fourth century a.d., some centuries earlier than had previously been supposed. In Zambia, the surprisingly early dates for Situmpa pottery have apparently been confirmed. On the east coast, excavations at Hafun, Mogadishu and Manda have enabled more precise dating of the periods during which these ancient ports flourished, while a comprehensive survey programme has refined our knowledge of monumental sites along the Kenya coast.

Abstract: In 1973, after an interval of many years, the British School at Athens returned to Sparta to resume work in an area with which it had been associated since early in the present century. The site chosen was the Mycenaean settlement at the Menelaion, briefly investigated by R. M. Dawkins in 1910. Full seasons of excavation were completed in each of the years 1973–6, and 1980. A cleaning season was undertaken in 1977, while supplementary excavations were made in the autumns of 1977 and 1978. Several brief preliminary accounts of this work have appeared, while one or two objects of particular intrinsic interest have been published in detail.For the time being, at least, the excavation of the prehistoric site at the Menelaion is at an end. Though work on the preparation of the final report is well advanced, it will be some time before this can be published, and the many classes of pottery and other objects can be made generally available.

Abstract: The possibility of a Roman site on a small plateau at the W end of Seabegs Wood (NS 812792) was suggested by the surface recovery of Roman pottery (both samian and coarse wares) over a number of years by members of the Cumbernauld Historical Society, under the supervision of Mr J. J. Walker. Initially it was thought that the plateau (FIG. 1) could mark the site of the missing Seabegs fort (see below p. 160), but in the event a fortlet was located by excavation in June 1977, clearly to be identified with the fort at the ‘West end of Seabegwood’ noted by Dr Christopher Irvine during his journey along the Wall about 1680. No traces of the fortlet's defences have as yet been detected from the air (cf. PL. IXA).

Abstract: A folk taxonomy of cooking pottery from Puebla, Mexico, is derived from potters, according to a method described here Making no assumptions about the taxonomy, the potters' raw data are subjected to a multivariate analysis The resulting cognitive mapping reveals an inherent structure that can be interpreted in two dimensions, and attributed to two factors: open/closed pottery types, and multiple/nonmultiple ears These factors are found to be analogous to important cultural categories in the society, upon which people organize their thinking and behavior Multivariate analysis manifests the system underlying the folk taxonomy, and provides a check on the ethnographer [folk taxonomy; multivariate analysis; pottery: Puebla, Mexico]

Abstract: NT 520709. Excavation of two kilns yielded a very large assemblage of wheel-thrown vessels in typically pale fabric with thick yellow, green or brown glazes. Cooking pots and jugs predominate, the jugs decorated mostly with applied strips but also with face-masks; mid to later 13th century. A R

Abstract: During the second season of excavations at Tell Brak, in 1978, work was continued in Area CH, Trench B. The small sounding below the two-staged dais in Room 1 of the “temple” was further deepened and its lowest levels were found to contain evidence of Late Uruk occupation. The small sample of pottery from these levels is of some importance. It is the first stratified group of north Mesopotamian locally-made Uruk pottery to be found immediately below an early third millennium B.C. pottery sequence of reliable stratification; it shows certain typological affinities with the third millennium material and with pottery from other Late Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age sites. Of particular interest is the first recorded occurrence of Ninevite 5 ware in a Late Uruk context. It is our intention to describe briefly the principal Late Uruk wares found at Brak and to illustrate some of the characteristic sherd and vessel types. Over 50% of each sherd batch was of coarse, Chaff-Tempered Ware. The light, brittle, medium to poorly fired fabric is pale to dark red, orange or brown in colour and is usually carbonized at the core. Sherds from larger vessels are more substantial and better fired. Particularly characteristic of the ware is its high chaff content, though other fillers were used: lime, basalt and sand grits (some of them fairly large) and shell being the most obvious.

Abstract: If the Unexplored Mansion must rest content with a name rendered obsolete by subsequent archaeological activity it is perhaps fitting that the Little Palace Well, which was sunk through its ruins, should glory in a similarly inappropriate title. The well was brought to light by one of nature's not infrequent excesses at Knossos. In winter and spring the area is subjected to occasional heavy downpours which erode the ground surface and reveal traces of ancient occupation. In the early weeks of 1938 subsidence caused by such winter storms exposed the top of the well, which lay just behind the façade of the Unexplored Mansion at a point where the west scarp of Evans's Little Palace excavations towered high above the level of the Minoan ruins. R. W. Hutchinson, who was then Curator at Knossos, conducted a small rescue operation and the results were briefly described in the JHS for that year. The outbreak of the Second World War prevented anything more than preliminary work on the pottery before archaeological activity at Knossos was brought to a halt. The whole and restored pots were transported to Herakleion Museum for safe keeping, and the fragments remained at Knossos and were eventually housed in the new Stratigraphic Museum.

Abstract: The area around Kumasi in Ashanti Region, Ghana, contains several villages whose people specialize in a particular craft industry This paper focuses on a pottery centre-Apiadu Rural industries like pottery are of significance because they demonstrate traditional manufacturing techniques which use appropriate technologies, but which may soon be lost as industrialization proceeds The discussion focuses on the dynamics of pottery manufacture, but first some basic data are given on the craftswomen and the technique, organization and income levels of the industry The dynamics of the craft are controlled by factors internal and external to the village Important internal factors include the raw material supply and attitudes of would-be potters-the latter somewhat influenced by education Externally, demand for earthenware already dictates the narrow range of products made Changes in technology and organization of rural crafts have hardly affected potters here, even though the pottery industry is evolving elsewhere in this locality The effects of introducing the potter's wheel and of extending the range of products made are critically reviewed as are organizational functions like obtaining raw materials, transport, marketing and formal co-operation It is suggested that change would not, on the whole, enhance the output of pottery or the welfare of the craftswomen

Abstract: Archaeomagnitude determinations of a selection of clay pipes dateable to AD 1645±10 as well as studies of pottery samples from the same site and of the same age have been made. Values of the magnitude of the ancient magnetic field (Banc), were obtained from two pottery sherds, two pipe bowls and three pipe stems. The values from the sherds and bowls agree within 2% and compare well with the average value of the magnitude of the magnetic field for the seventeenth century as determined by other archaeomagnetic studies. However, the pipe stems give values of Banc which are significantly less than those from the bowls and pottery. We have not yet been able to explain this and thus we suggest that reliable archaeomagnitude determinations can be made from the bowls of clay pipes but not from the stems. Nevertheless, this result provides a new source of material for investigating variations in the geomagnetic field strength over the past 400 yr. Clay pipes have been manufactured in England since the end of the sixteenth century. In the firing process some pipes were broken and disposed of without ever having been smoked. One such collection, discovered at Rainford, Lancashire, in 1978, consisted of a series of discrete dumps including pipes, kiln debris and a small collection of contemporary used earthenware sherds. The internal consideration of the dumps suggested a very short period of activity and archaeologists (P. Davey, personal communication) ascribe all the material to the period 1645±10 yr. With such well-dated material, we set out to check whether or not reliable archaeomagnitudes could be obtained from the pipes.

Abstract: Further excavation at Torksey established that the borough was an open settlement; a medieval ditch merely separated the village closes from the common. One such close contained three more pottery kilns. Two kilns were found immediately south of the village, bringing the total to seven. The pottery industry seems to have started by the middle of the ninth century and lasted through much of the twelfth; it may have been or become subordinate to that of Lincoln.