Abstract: This paper develops a methodology for the estimation of the total economic consequences of a seaport disruption, factoring in the major types of resilience. The foundation of the methodology is a combination of demand-driven and supply-driven input–output analyses. Resilience is included through a series of ad hoc adjustments based on various formal models and expert judgment. Moreover, we have designed the methodology in a manner that overcomes the major shortcomings of the supply-driven approach. We apply the methodology to a 90-day disruption at the twin seaports of Beaumont and Port Arthur, Texas, which is a major port area that includes a petrochemical manufacturing complex. We find that regional gross output could decline by as much as $13 billion at the port region level, but that resilience can reduce these impacts by nearly 70%.

Abstract: This paper examines the effect of inter-port competition between two ports by applying a game theoretical approach. We construct a non-cooperative game theoretic model where each port selects port charges strategically in the timing of port capacity investment. We derive the Nash equilibrium and obtain some propositions from the equilibrium. We then apply the propositions to the case of inter-port competition between the ports of Busan and Kobe.

Abstract: This report provides a synthesis of main findings from the OECD Port-Cities Programme, created in 2010 in order to assess the impact of ports on their cities and provide policy recommendations to increase the positive impacts of ports on their cities.

Abstract: Once an audio prompt has been stored on the portable media device, the audio prompt menu is played. Subsequently, an input from a user of the portable media device is then received in response to the audio prompt menu. A command is subsequently transmitted to a remote computer. The command requests the remote computer to perform an action based on the user's input The portable media device includes a portable media device housing containing a processor, a power source, a user interface device, communications circuitry, at least one input/output (i/o) port, and a memory. The memory includes an operating system, a media database, communication procedures for communicating with a remote computer, and instructions for performing the above described method.

Abstract: Techniques for detecting malicious attacks may monitor activities during execution of content (e.g., network downloads and email) to identify an instruction backdoor on a computer. An instruction backdoor is malware that opens a port for listening for instructions from a remote server. Such instructions may trigger activation of malicious activity. These techniques employ virtual machines that, in a controlled and monitored environment, permit content, when loaded and executed, to open ports. When those ports are not the authorized ones used for communications by known programs installed on the computer, an instruction backdoor is discovered.

Abstract: With 80 % of world trade carried by sea, seaports provide crucial linkages in global supply-chains and are essential for the ability of all countries to access global markets. Seaports are likely to be affected directly and indirectly by climatic changes, with broader implications for international trade and development. Due to their coastal location, seaports are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events associated with increasing sea levels and tropical storm activity, as illustrated by hurricane “Sandy”. In view of their strategic role as part of the globalized trading system, adapting ports in different parts of the world to the impacts of climate change is of considerable importance. Reflecting the views of a diverse group of stakeholders with expertise in climate science, engineering, economics, policy, and port management, this essay highlights the climate change challenge for ports and suggests a way forward through the adoption of some initial measures. These include both “soft” and “hard” adaptations that may be spearheaded by individual port entities, but will require collaboration and support from a broad range of public and private sector stakeholders and from society at large. In particular, the essay highlights a need to shift to more holistic planning, investment and operation.

Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure a port's green performance. The literature is reviewed and a survey is carried out to identify major green port performance indicators and to evaluate three major ports' overall green performance in Asia. Indicators located in the critical quadrants with a high degree of importance and low degree of performance are identified and resources are suggested that can be employed to improve the ports' overall sustainability performance effectively.Design/methodology/approach – Port performance indicators are reviewed to select the green‐related ones by a session of brain storming with academicians from China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan in the shipping discipline. Selected indicators are used to design an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) questionnaire. The weight and degree of performance of each of the 17 green indicators among three major container ports are calculated by the data obtained from the AHP round survey respondents.Findings – Avoiding pollutants during c...

Abstract: While significant contributions have been made in the use of operations research methods and techniques to optimize container terminals, relatively less attention has been directed to bulk ports. In this paper, we consider the problem of allocating vessels along the quay in a bulk port for hybrid berth layout and dynamic vessel arrivals. A key difference that distinguishes the berth allocation problem in bulk ports from that in container terminals is the presence of fixed specialized equipment facilities such as conveyors and pipelines at bulk ports. This has to be taken into consideration while modeling the handling times of vessels berthing at the port. The objective of the allocation is to minimize the total service time of all vessels berthing at the port in a given planning horizon. We present a mixed integer linear programming approach to model the problem, and an alternate exact solution approach based on generalized set partitioning. A heuristic approach based on the principle of squeaky wheel optimization is also presented. We compare the formulations from a computational perspective through extensive numerical experiments based on instances inspired from real data obtained from SAQR port, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE, the biggest bulk port in the middle east. The results indicate that the set partitioning approach and the heuristic outperform the MILP model, and can be used to obtain near-optimal solutions for even larger problem size.

Abstract: An example method may involve transmitting a first media stream associated with a media session using a first IP:port number as a source IP address and source port, and using a second IP:port number as a destination IP address and port; receiving a second media stream from the second IP:port number; acquiring a third IP:port number; determining a network quality associated with the first IP:port number and a network quality associated with the third IP:port number; making a determination to handover the media session from the first IP:port number to the third IP:port number; in response to making the determination, transmitting a third media stream using the third IP:port number as a source IP address and source port, and (ii) using the second IP:port number as a destination IP address and destination port; and receiving a fourth media stream from the second IP:port number.

Abstract: The overland Silk Road linking China with West Asia and Europe is a famous and fabled trade route. The sea route that was its alternative was arguably more significant, both historically and economically, and holds the greatest potential for understanding the great movements of people, ideas and goods in Asia. With its teeming port cities and huge vessels carrying exotic luxuries along with everyday commodities such as iron and fish oil, the Silk Road of the Sea is equally glamorous but has attracted much less attention that its overland counterpart.

Abstract: This paper examines the emissions from ships at berth in the Port of Bergen in Norway. As well as estimating the quantity of emissions, we look at estimates of the external costs of pollution and derive a cost for the pollutants emitted by the ships at berth in Bergen. The cost of these emissions is estimated at between €10 m and €21.5 m per year.

Abstract: Being nodal points along supply chains, ports affected by climate change would create substantial costs to the global economy and welfare, and thus it is extremely important to ensure that ports can develop effective adaptation strategies. However, there are many uncertainties, as the dynamics between climate change and ports can diversify between different regions. Against this background, through exploratory case studies of four ports in Australia, this paper investigates climate change and the adaptation strategies of ports, with a special focus on port infrastructures and the day-to-day operational impacts. Research findings indicate that, while port managers recognize climate change as an issue which requires closer attention, adaptation strategies have remained segregated and piecemeal. This highlights the fact that effective adaptation solutions are not just about physical layouts and engineering projects, but the need to fundamentally transform the current management and planning practices of ports. It is a timely reminder to port policymakers and managers on the need to refine how effective decisions should be made for the challenges posed by climate changes in the future. In this regard, further research on this topic is urgently required.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to study container port competition for transshipment cargo in duopoly market. We develop the linear container handling demand function which incorporates transshipment traffic, and apply a non-cooperative two-stage game to a vertical-structure seaport market with ports as upstream players and shipping lines as downstream players. The drivers behind port competition are explained through existence of the unique Nash equilibrium which incorporates shipping lines’ port call decisions and ports’ pricing strategies. A port collusion model and social optimum model are then analysed for further insights, and a numerical simulation is conducted to demonstrate the results.

Abstract: An avionics full-duplex switched ethernet data network that includes multiple hosts, with each of the multiple hosts having at least one communication port and with an End System establishing communication protocol between the multiple hosts.

Abstract: Purpose – The changing role of seaports in supply chains has been the subject of extensive research in the recent literature. The strategic development of seaport terminals, responding to the need for closer integration into supply chains, invites a more detailed examination of the influence of the supply chain structures on seaport performance. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the effects of supply chain structures, especially the degree of integration of seaports into supply chains, on seaport performance. Design/methodology/approach – The parameters for a structural equation model were identified in the first instance from the supply chain and seaport operations and management literature. The structural equation model itself was then devised, and subsequently refined, using data from Korean seaport terminal operators, shipping companies and freight forwarding companies. The structural equation model was used to assess the level of supply chain integration of seaports and the relationship to port performance. Findings – The results indicate that the integration of seaports into supply chains has a positive impact on both the effectiveness and the efficiency of seaport performance. In addition, antecedents to seaport supply chain integration are identified; these suggest that a strong orientation to supply chain integration within a port operating company enables the company to adopt and implement a strategy that integrates functions within the port and with other upstream and downstream organisations. Research limitations/implications – As the field data were geographically limited to one country, extending the findings of this study to other geographical areas may not be possible, although the approach taken, using the structural equation modelling technique, should be transferrable elsewhere. Cross-validation of the model would widen its applicability to other areas. The paper provides a framework that allows other researchers to examine the level of integration of ports into supply chains. Practical implications – The potential benefits of closer integration of seaports into supply chains are shown with supply chain integration having a positive effect on port performance. Seaports which do not integrate with their supply chains have a lower level of performance. Thus, enhanced port performance accruing from closer integration would have positive implications both for port and terminal managers and for other supply chain participants. Originality/value – This study, for the first time, empirically examines the impact of the integration into supply chains of seaports on their performance. This is achieved by the development of a structural equation model which is then tested in the field, thus extending the existing literature which is largely conceptual or descriptive.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses indicate and identify quasi co-located reference signal ports. A method of identifying by a UE includes identifying, from downlink control information, a CSI-RS port that is quasi co-located with a DM-RS port assigned to the UE. The method includes identifying large scale properties for the assigned DM-RS port based on large scale properties for the CSI-RS port. The method includes performing channel estimation and/or time/frequency synchronization using the identified large scale properties for the DM-RS port. Another method for identifying by a UE includes identifying, from downlink control information, a CRS port that is quasi co-located with a CSI-RS port configured for the UE. The method includes identifying large scale properties for the configured CSI-RS port based on large scale properties for the CRS port. The method includes performing channel estimation and/or time/frequency synchronization using the identified large scale properties for the CSI-RS port.

Abstract: This paper investigates the market-based policy on pollution control in a region with multiple ports. Although the fraction of in-port pollution is modest compared to at-sea emission, port pollutions generally occur near populated areas and have a higher impact on public health. Most of the studies on maritime pollution control have focused on technical designs and operating issues over deep sea shipping. In addition, while pollution from a port's operation may spread out and has influence over a wider region, few studies have analyzed emission control across ports. This paper aims to complement this stream of research by examining the behaviors of ports and port users (i.e., shippers and shipping lines) if a certain incentive or disincentive policy is implemented. Our investigation reveals that in the absence of inter-port coordination, pollution spill-over and inter-port competition can lead to distorted pollution taxation and emission constraints. As a result, there will be excessive pollution and sub-...

Abstract: Policy variables, such as security levels at seaports, affect port efficiency in a non-linear way while other factors affecting efficiency at ports such as a number of berths, the area of port yard, and the number of port labors have linear structural relation. Ensuring a certain level of regulations can increase port efficiency, while an excess of the level may result in the reverse of these gains. Addressing seaport-related issues is not a simple undertaking because a seaport is regarded as a system-of-system, which is both difficult to understand and to model. Therefore, studies that adequately analyze the overall dynamic of a port complex in terms of security concerns have been seen insufficient, leaving a significant research gap to fill in. To analyze the relationship between seaport security levels and container volumes, this study adopts the method of System Dynamics (SD). Use of the SD can demonstrate the benefits of simulations, such as suggesting the visual causal loops among evaluation factors, representing the several sub-models, and enabling various forms of analysis, such as the base model, optimistic scenario model, and pessimistic scenario model. As a result of simulation, the impacts on handling container cargo volumes in Korea due to the increasing level of security is estimated at 2,770,000 TEUs by the year 2015 and 3,050,000 TEUs by 2020. Appropriate tailor of the proposed SD based methodology can stimulate security–economic quantitative analysis in a wider range of port context, thus promoting effective implementation of security measures.