Abstract: Seaports are located in vulnerable areas to climate change impacts: on coasts susceptible to sea-level rise and storms or at mouths of rivers susceptible to flooding. They serve a vital function within the local, regional, and global economy. Their locations in the heart of sensitive estuarine environments make it an imperative to minimize the impacts of natural hazards. Climate impacts, like a projected SLR of .6 m to 2 m and doubling of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes by 2100, will result in more extreme events at many seaports. To assess the current state of knowledge on this issue, we surveyed port authorities from around the world about how administrators felt climate change might impact their operations, what sea-level change would create operational problems, and how they planned to adapt to new environmental conditions. The planned rapid expansion of ports reported by the survey respondents indicates that adaptation measures should be considered as ports construct new infrastructure that may still be in use at the end of the century. Respondents agreed that the ports community needs to address this issue and most felt relatively uninformed about potential climate impacts. Although most ports felt that SLR would not be an issue at their port this century, sea-level rise was nevertheless an issue of great concern. Our results suggest opportunities for the scientific community

Abstract: The paper evaluates the effectiveness of strategies designed to reduce these pollutants in port areas, based on a newly developed assessment model to calculate emissions. The case study found that the strategy of reducing the ship’s speed to 12 knots is most effective in cutting fuel consumption and costs, as well as emissions. Adopting an onshore power supply system could reduce CO2 emission by 57.16% and PM by 39.4%. By adopting the strategies of both reduced speed and cold ironing emissions control, a reduction in emissions of 71% to 91% can be achieved with a 20 nautical mile reduced speed zone. Therefore, the goals of reductions in emissions to improve port areas air quality could be achieved through adopting a green port policy in the future.

Abstract: Although sustainability is a topical concern in ports and the supply chain literature, the main focus of the academic research has been on the environmental dimension of sustainability rather than the social and economic dimensions. Since ports are indispensable nodes of supply chains involving many strategic stakeholders and activities interacting with each other, investigating the contribution of stakeholder relations on ports sustainability has emerged as a major concern. The main aim of this study is to provide a conceptual framework integrating the organizational relationships between supply chain and port stakeholders based on the theoretical background concerning the strategic management and the socially responsible marketing. This study attempts to identify the influence of supply chain stakeholders on sustainability of ports by considering the propositions of interdependencies, power imbalances, and strategic options within resource dependence theory. While this paper can be regarded as a review of port sustainability literature, the uniqueness lies on the consideration of the concept from the basis of resource dependence theory. Conceptual framework of this study suggests that ports should adopt strategies as insertion, integration and dominance for the management of interdependencies through the adoption of strategic tools to enhance effective stakeholder relations management and port sustainability.

Abstract: This study estimates the emission costs of ships and trucks in the Port of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, focusing mainly on particular matter and volatile organic compounds. By calculating annual ship and truck emissions we find that the major contributors are tankers, container ships and bulk ships and trucks. Using a bottom-up methodology, the combined environmental costs of ships and trucks are estimated to be over $123 million per year.

Abstract: Increasingly, the debate on freight transport and logistics involves the challenge of sustainable development. Key objectives of sustainable or “green” freight logistics systems are the mitigation of negative environmental and human health effects of distribution operations and the realization of a major modal shift in transport preferences, while at the same time achieving internal generalized cost efficiency and quality of services. Pursuing these goals requires the introduction of a range of measures. These measures call for private and public actors to take up various initiatives and adopt policies. Usually, it is more effective to combine different actions into an integrated package of measures than to introduce single instruments in isolation. This article explores the nexus between sustainability and port hinterland container logistics. In particular, the methodology and results of an empirical analysis based on applications of a network programming tool called the “interport model” are presented and discussed. The model enables an examination of all possible effects on inland container flows and their associated internal and external costs due to public and private initiatives in the field of port hinterland container logistics. The empirical analysis aims to evaluate the impact of a set of simultaneous policy options and operational measures on the competitiveness and sustainability of hinterland multimodal distribution of import and export containers handled at the seaports of the Campania region located in Southern Italy. The loading units can transit through the dry port facilities (the so called “interports”) located in the same region and/or through extra regional railway terminals, before reaching their ultimate inland destinations or the seaports. The integrated package of measures simulated by means of the model includes: (i) infrastructure policy, (ii) improvements of rail services, (iii) regulatory changes in terms of customs authorizations and procedures, (iv) removal of technical and legal barriers to fair and non-discriminatory competition in the market of rail traction between regional seaports and interports, (v) new business models integrating container logistics operations between seaports and interports, and (vi) social marginal cost charging of transport operations. Once this package of instruments is introduced, higher private and social cost efficiency of port hinterland container distribution through the investigated regional logistics system can be achieved. For instance, it has been estimated an annual saving of the order of about 12,660 tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions from transport corresponding to an external cost reduction of 0.27 million euros from the observed real life situation, whereas the estimated saving in terms of air pollution (CO, NOx, PM, SO2, VOC) from transport is approximately 220 tonnes per year corresponding to an external benefit of 1.31 million euros. The most immediate priority appears to be the customs and intermodal logistics integration of seaports and interports by means of full implementation of the “extended gateway” concept as a way to increase the rail share of modal split and improve the overall cost efficiency of the system. In addition, the simultaneous introduction of a social marginal cost charging policy can contribute to make the regional interports a viable solution to expand the hinterland reach of the regional seaport cluster.

Abstract: As sea ports and terminals are valuable assets, in today's uncertain and complex environment further refinements are needed to assess risks and prioritise protective measures for these critical pieces of logistics infrastructure. The major problem that port professionals (e.g. port risk managers and port auditors) are facing is the lack of an appropriate methodology and evaluation techniques to support their risk management (RM) cycle. Therefore in response to the uncertainties and to provide continuous risk control assurance in port industry, this paper uses fuzzy set theory (FST) to describe and evaluate the associated risk factors within the ports and terminals operations and management (PTOM). An evidential reasoning (ER) approach is employed to synthesise the information produced. These processes constitute a decision support framework that will be used to conduct port-to-port risk evaluations or to assess a whole port's and terminal's overall risk level in order to facilitate continuous improvement strategies. The proposed framework along with a generic methodology and a risk evaluation model is tested by a case study. The case study analyses pieces of three Southern Iranian ports by using an illustrative operational risk hierarchy. The sensitivity analysis carried out in this paper prove pieces of the applicability of the proposed methodology and model for risk evaluation of the sea ports and terminals in real situations.

Abstract: The analysis of community structures is one major research field in the science of networks. This exercise is often biased by strong hierarchical configurations as it is the case in container shipping. After reviewing the multiple definitions of port systems, this paper applies a topological decomposition method to worldwide inter-port maritime links. Isolating ports of comparable size reveals hidden substructures with the help of graph visualization. While geographic proximity is one main explanatory factor in the emergence of port systems, other logics also appear, such as specialized and long-distance trading links. This research provides interesting evidence about the role of geography, technology and trade in the architecture of maritime networks.

Abstract: Although shipping companies assert that the majority of their lines work to a schedule with fixed days of arrival and departure which are programmed on a weekly basis, the demand which container terminals face is characterized by a degree of uncertainty. Up to now, the analysis of cargo handling port activities has given little attention to the relationship between demand variability and firm costs. We analyse how demand uncertainty affects input choices and therefore costs of production. Our results show that demand uncertainty affects port terminal marginal cost and has the effect of increasing the estimates of economies of scale and scope. We conclude that not taking demand uncertainty into account may yield misleading estimates of terminal costs and lead to the wrong conclusions for optimal policy design.

Abstract: Using a unique data set of individual shipments, port characteristics, and actual freight charges, we examined potential factors within management controls that affect the attractiveness of a port for containerized shipments. We hypothesized that the importance placed on each factor varies by the size of the shipper. We find support for our hypotheses that large shippers emphasize the factors affecting speed of delivery more than the freight charges compared to small shippers. These findings have managerial implications because investments in port development would pay off depending on the fit between the type of investment and the customers’ needs.

Abstract: As the economy becomes increasingly specialised and globalised, the importance of logistics also increases. For global transportation systems, seaports play a key role as transhipment hubs. As seaports incorporate and coordinate hinterland logistic activities within the activities of the port, the strategies they employ influence the decisions made by both local and global logistic service providers. From an environmental and social perspective, seaports are thus key actors in transportation systems, and many ports have also developed corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies. This paper examines one such strategy – green port dues – and shows how the integration of hinterland logistics and ports opens the possibility for differentiated port dues to be used as a tool to internalise external cost in the transportation systems and ensure the effectiveness of hinterland transport.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a system for facilitating flow definition management in a switch. During operation, the system identifies a generic flow definition which specifies a flow that is not specific to any input port of a switch. The system further stores in a flow lookup data structure one or more port-specific flow rules based on the generic flow definition, wherein each port-specific flow rule corresponds to a respective port capable of processing data flows.

Abstract: The Blackwell Companion to Maritime Economics presents comprehensive and in-depth coverage of the entire scope of issues relating to shipping and port economics. Unprecedented survey of maritime economics provides full coverage of shipping and port economics In depth examinations offer an up-to-date study of the field including all facets of shipping, ports, logistics, and maintenance and topical discussion on security and environmental problems Presents original theories relating to theories for maritime carriers and ports Features contributions from the most respected international specialists in the field

Abstract: Hong Kong is an international port heavily influenced by the ‘active non-interventionist’ policy and, until very recently, segregated from China's national/regional planning due to its special political and economic status. However, the port is now facing considerable challenges, notably increased trade between China and overseas markets, challenges from neighbouring ports, notably Shenzhen and Guangzhou, the increasing importance of intra-Asian trade and the economic turmoil in 2008, which accelerated the industrial transformation of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in South China. Hence, Hong Kong is compelled to undergo strategic changes, notably its gradual integration into China's national and regional planning, and to integrate itself within the PRD so as to establish a system with different PRD ports that is functionally complementary to each other. How such a newly developed regional port cluster should develop, notably the division of responsibilities of cargo flows between Hong Kong and other PRD ports, however, is still rather ambiguous. By developing a game theory model and calibrated on the basis of the PRD context, this article investigates the factors and conditions affecting regional port governance in South China, notably alliance formation for ports serving partially overlapping hinterlands. This article serves as an important step in developing an effective, fully integrated regional transportation system within the PRD, and to help it to become an efficient logistics hub in the Asia-Pacific region.

Abstract: Port cities – dynamic landscapes and global networks, edited by Carola Hein, Abingdon, Routledge, 2011, 304 pp., £30 (paperback). Ports remain important but liminal spaces; liminal in the sense of ...

Abstract: A method includes determining an application role in a distributed application in a network environment, generating a role profile for the application role from an interaction pattern, mapping the role profile to a virtual machine (VM), and detecting a security breach of the VM. Determining the application role includes obtaining network traces from the distributed application, and analyzing the network traces to extract the application role. In one embodiment, detection of the security breach includes generating an access control policy for the VM from the role profile, and determining an anomaly in traffic based thereon. In another embodiment, detection of the security breach includes inserting the role profile in a port profile of the VM, generating a small state machine from the role profile, running the small state machine on a port associated with the VM, and inspecting, by the small state machine, an application level traffic at the port.

Abstract: A switching network includes an upper tier having a master switch and a lower tier including a plurality of lower tier entities. The master switch, which has a plurality of ports each coupled to a respective lower tier entity, implements on each of the ports a plurality of virtual ports each corresponding to a respective one of a plurality of remote physical interfaces (RPIs) at the lower tier entity coupled to that port. Data traffic communicated between the master switch and RPIs is queued within virtual ports that correspond to the RPIs with which the data traffic is communicated. The master switch applies data handling to the data traffic in accordance with a control policy based at least upon the virtual port in which the data traffic is queued, such that the master switch applies different policies to data traffic queued to two virtual ports on the same port of the master switch.

Abstract: Indian dry ports (inland cargo-consolidation and distribution centres) are expected to play a pivotal role in connecting the North Indian heartland with the gateway seaports of Mundra, JNPT and Chennai However, in this process, dry ports contribute considerably to the vexing problem of atmospheric pollution because of the ensuing road and rail transportation There is a considerable body of research on the socially undesirable side effects of production, for instance in sectors such as manufacturing and transport In spite of this, the standard methods so far employed in the analysis of port efficiency and productivity, notably data envelopment analysis (DEA), have failed to address and internalize the economic ramifications of transport externalities In this article, a comparative study of the typical DEA models is undertaken, in an effort to illustrate the problem at hand A new eco-DEA model is proposed that simultaneously evaluates both the undesirable and the desirable outputs of port service production The model is applied to evaluate dry port efficiency, while taking into account the CO2 emissions caused by the transport of containers from dry ports, located in the North Capital Region of India, to the various gateway (coastal) ports The results reveal that efficiency evaluations are significantly altered once environmental aspects are factored in to the model The methodology proposed here can be easily transferred to any other industrial sector where environmental concerns are becoming an issue

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method, a charge controller, a charger and charging system for charging a battery of an electric vehicle. Comprising a) determining a priority for each port where an electric vehicle is connected, b assigning the maximum available power budget to the port with the first priority, c) performing a charge session at the port with the first priority, d) monitoring the actual power delivered to the vehicle from the priority port, e) adjusting the power budget value of the priority port depending on the actual power delivered to the vehicle and f) assigning the remaining power budget to the port with the second highest priority, g) If the power budget exceeds a predetermined threshold value, starting or restarting a charge session at the port where the remaining power budget is assigned and h) repeating the steps of e-h.

Abstract: The pragmatic facets like geography and history have always imprinted the demographical mosaic and development of a civilisation The civilisations have always developed along the waters The waters have been used as trade route since long and the modern trade has further enhanced the need of trade through waters Pakistan being a gateway to the strategically important 'Strait Of Hurmoz' in the Indian Ocean, blessed with hidden treasures and bordering two Islamic Republics, Afghanistan and Iran, has always been a centre piece for Regional Politics The emergence of Gwadar Port as a vibrant regional economic hub has caused the regional and extra regional powers to develop strategic and infra structural development with Gwadar Port to reach the energy rich Central Asian Republics (CARs) Iran and Dubai Port World (UAE) have interests to keep Gwadar Port out of competition as it serves as a gateway to Strait of Hurmoz Pakistan needs to be addressing all the concerns to make Gwadar as a regional energy corridor

Abstract: The storage system includes a host computer; a management computer coupled to the host computer; a first storage device coupled to the host computer and the management computer, and including first port management information; and a second storage device coupled to the host computer, the management computer and the first storage device, and including second port management information. The first port management information and the second port management information include an identifier of a port on each storage device, an identifier of a volume in each storage device, an access restriction and an identifier of a port permitted access from the host computer to each storage device.

Abstract: This article investigates the spatial evolution of dry ports in Brazil, focusing on the State of Sao Paulo. We investigate how seaport development has affected the evolutionary pattern of dry port configuration in the State of Sao Paulo; and why dry ports in the State of Sao Paulo have not been able to develop in line with Brazil’s economic growth and the patterns of port development prescribed in the literature. We found that various factors, notably institutional barriers, have led to significant deviations in the evolution of Brazilian dry ports, suppressing the development of efficient multimodal supply chains within Brazil. Hence, we argue that the conventional spatial evolution in dry port development, as experienced by developed economies, may not be applicable in developing economies, where significant institutional and infrastructural obstacles exist.

Abstract: The recent years have seen growing interest in the environmental impact of port operations and development due to pressing global issues such as climate change and energy consumption. The port industry is facing increasing challenges since it is subject to closer scrutiny in terms of environmental regulatory compliance. The focus on environmental issues is especially felt at the level of vessel and cargo handling operations, port extension projects and hinterland accessibility. At the same time, providing adequate capacity, quality services and cost-effective solutions are essential . As such, devising a green port strategy fulfilling both economic and environmental objectives would be desirable and contribute to the port‟s sustainable growth and development. The literature to date has yet to fulfill the much desired industry demand. The study aims to fill the gap by formulating a framework in green and sustainable port strategy. The research objective is firstly achieved by a comprehensive literature review and conceptual development. Then three port case studies from North America, Europe and Asia, namely Los Angeles/Long Beach, Antwerp and Hong Kong are chosen due to the high shipping traffic and cargo volume handled, as well as adopting greener approach in recent years. The case studies are presented with the aim to relate the concepts to policies and industry practices. The case studies also add value by representing an international perspective from the major ports in the three key geographical regions. Accordingly, an original framework in green and sustainable port strategy and propositions has been developed. The framework is built on key constructs of stakeholder involvement, green market development, cost effective green policy as well as sustainable port operations and development. Practical and research implications will be discussed.