Abstract: In this study, the author considers the problems related to the expansion of port facilities using economic theory as a basis for discussion and the Port of Mobile as an example.

Abstract: An attempt is made to study the biochemical contents of Ulva lactuca, Gelidiella acerosa and Sargassum swartzii and to correlate the same with ecological factors of the marine environment. There is a close relationship between the net primary productivity and protein content in 5. swartzii. An inverse relation exists between crude fat and cmde fibre content in all the 3 algae studied. Factors like temperature, salinity, pH have no bearing on the different biochemical contents of the algae. Water deficiency due to more exposure and consequent increased light in the case of S. swartzii and G. acerosa enhances fat formation. Introduction Materials and Methods Biochemical studies with an ecological perspective on The algal material was collected every month Starting the intertidal algae of Indian coasts have not been from June from the intertidal zone during low tides. done and only fragmentary data are available for some After cleaning with sea water they were brought to the forms (Sitakararao and Tipnis 1967, Pillai 1956, Lewis laboratory, washed in distilJed water and oven dried at 1967). The present investigations were therefore 80 °C for 48 hrs. The material was then crushed to carried out to study the monthly.fluctuations in the fine powder. The oven dry powder of each species was important biochemical contents of three economically subjected to digestion and the digested solution thus important algae from Port Okha coast (India) and to obtained was used for various estimations. assess the effects of ecological factors of the marine environment upon the same. The studies were confined Total «itrogpn was determined by microkjeldahTs to one growing season of the algae, i.e., from June to method äs described by Oser (1965). Crude protein February. The 3 species selected for the present study values were obtained by multiplying the values of nitroare, Ulva lactuca Linn., Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskal) 8 with ·· For carbohydrates, colorimetric method Feldmann et Hamel and Sargassum swartzii (Turn.) was adopted using anthrone reagent. Fats were estimated C. Ag., belonging to Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae V Soxhlet extraction method. The samples subjected to and Phaeophyceae respectively. U. lactuca is a potential *traction of fats were treated with l .25 % (w/v) sulfuric resource for food, fodder and fertiger. G. acerosa is acid md l · (/> sodium hyTMxide. It was then dried the commercialJy important agarophyte and S. swartzii for 4 h» at 80 C and the final & was «corded äs is the potential alginophyte. crude All the 3 algae selected for the study occur äs intertidal Sodium, potassium and calcium were determined by forms at Port Okha (lat. 22° 28' N. and long. 69° 05' E.) flame photometry using the respective interference which is situated at the mouth of Gulf of Kutch (Gujafiltere. Phosphorus was determined by colorimetry in rat State, India). The intertidal algae start springing up which the blue colour was developed with stannous by June and their biological activity is greatly accelerated Chloride and ammonium molybdate solutions. The during the winter months of November and December. colour so developed was read on Erma colorimeter By the end of February, all the algae begin to dry out s»g * red · leaving the belt harren by April. Hence the present u *u i *· * t n * j 6 J * * For the analysis of sea water, samptes were collected investigations were confmed to one growing season ^ po!ythene bott|eg after fi]termg through whatman only, from June to February. No ^ paper Temperature of the surface sea water Analyses of U. lactuca were started from September and of the air were recorded at the time of collection only, since the alga was not available in healthy condiof algae every month. pH was estimated in the field tion earlier. with Lovibond comparator. Salinity was estimated by Botanica Marina / Vol. XXI / 1978 / Fase. 7 0340-076X/78/0021-0417S02.00 © by Walter de Gmyter & Co. Berlin New York 4J8 Murthy and Radia: Eco-biochemical studies of some intertidal algae süver nitrate titrimetric method (Dean Martin 1968). Dissolved oxygen was determined by Winkler's method äs cited by Dean Martin (1968). Sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus were determined in the same way äs in the case of algaJ material. Results Monthly protein, fat and carbohydrate contents of the 3 algae are shown in Figure l on percentage dry weight basis. S. swartzii had maximum protein content in the month of August followed by September. During December and January it was minimum, For G. acerosa highest percentage of proteins was recorded in June followed by a gradual decrease until December. During January and February, there was a slight increase. As against the 2 species described hitherto, i/, lactuca had a maximum protein content during January and Februaiy and a minimum in December. S. swartzii and G. acerosa showed moderately high fat content from June to December registering a gradual decrease there afterwards. There were no appreciable fluctuations in the fat content of U. lactuca. Among the 3 species studied, highest carbohydrate content was recorded for G. acerosa during December and February. The content was least in S. swartzii. U. lactuca showed a decreasing trend from September to February which is also true for S. swartzü. On the other hand, the content increased gradually from June to February in G, acerosa with a slight dip in January, Percentage crude fibre on dry weight basis for the 3 species is given in Figure 2. From Figures l and 2, it is clear that in general, there is an inverse relation between crude fibre content and fat content, Values of sodium, potassium and calcium for the 3 algae are shown in Figure 3. Maximum sodium content was recorded for S. swartzii in December and a minimum in January. In G. acerosa, it decreased from June to January and during February there was a sudden rise in the content. No remarkable fluctuations were observed in U. lactuca. As compared to the sodium and potassium contents, calcium registered very low values for the algae during the entire period of investigations. Phosphorus content in the 3 algae is presented in Figure 4. S. swartzii showed a maximum value during January and a minimum during August and September. G. acerosa did not show any appreciable seasonal fluctuations. On the other hand U. lactuca had a maximum content during September and October and a minimum during January. Monthly values of temperatures, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen of the surface sea water are shown in Figure 5. Temperature decreased from June to August and then it increased until October with a gradual fall until January. Salinity closely followed these trends of temperature > Dissolved oxygen in general showed an inverse relation with temperature. pH had irregulär trends during the entire period of investigations. Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and nitrogea content of sea water is shown in Figure 6. These contents showed irregulär and varied patterns month after month. Discussion Protein content of the 3 algae under investigation has shown great fluctuations from month to month. Bhattachaqee (1977) on his primary productivity studies of the intertidal algae at Port Okha has observed that S. swartzii showed positive values of net primary productivity from June until December (Fig. 7). During January, the net primary productivity registered a negative value and in February it was a positive value. He has further observed that the net primary productivity of S. swartzii, which is a dominant species contributing maximum to the total biomass, runs parallel to the Net Community primary productivity. 1t is interesting in this context that these trends tally well with the protein content and its fluctuations, The monthly changes in the protein content of G. acerosa had irregulär trends. Bhattachaijee (loc. cit.) recorded a higher value of net primary productivity for this species during January which complies with the sharply increased protein content of the species during this month. No such relation could however be seen for U. lactuca. Sitakararao and Tipnis (1967) analysed various algal forms of Gujarat Coast for their biochemical contents but they are not based upon monthly collections. In this study, they have observed that Ulva rigida contained a very high percentage of protein than the rest of the algae. But in the present investigations, t/, lactuca showed lower values of proteins äs compared with S swartzii and G. acerosa, Lewis (1967) has observed that protein content is not related with the taxonomic position of the alga and the present findings are in conformity of the same. According to Blinks (1951), phosphorus and nitrogen are often limiting for the growth of intertidal algal forms. But in light of the present studies, nitrogen distribution in the sea water had irregulär trends and hence this is not tenable for the algal forms of Gujarat Coast at least, This may perhaps be due to efficient remineralization from the dead algal forms. Russel-Wells (1932) observed that percentage crude fat in the algae decreased with increase in depth, Similarly, ColJyer and Fogg (1955) observed that water deficiency promotes fat formation. According to Miller (1962) fat production is stimulated by light. All these observations hold good in the present studies also. S. swartzii and G. acerosa which are grown in the pools at supra littoral fringe and middle littoral zone Botanica Marina / VoL XXI / 1978 / Fase. 7 Murthy and Radia: Eco-biochemical Studie s of some intertidal algae 419

Abstract: During the forty years before the Civil War over 550,000 immigrants entered the United States through the Port of New Orleans. Though that number amounted to only 10 percent of all passengers who traveled to this country by sea and but 14 percent of those who landed at New York, the Crescent City, rather tnan Boston or Philadelphia, was the nation's second antebellum port of entry. Furthermore, it was an almost perfect microcosm of the nation's para­ mount immigrant port and of the entire pattern of human movement into the United States prior to 1860. The people who uprooted themselves and made the voyage to New Orleans, like the overwhelming majority of other antebellum immigrants, were primarily from Ireland and the German states. While they came from all stations of society, most were less than prosperous. Many were famine victims and paupers. As in all other times, they left their homes to better their lives by improving their eco­ nomic status, and the bounty that the United States poten­ tially offered them was their most important incentive for taking all of the risks inherent in moving halfway around the world. Despite the facts that the ocean voyage to New

Abstract: IN an article published in this periodical, Mrs. Nibbi1 assumed that the ancient Egyptians were far from being seafarers and that the lack of 'Egyptian anchors' confirms her view. In another article in a subsequent volume,2 she insisted on the maritime inefficiency of the ancient Egyptians, assuming that it was unlikely that they used any port along the Red Sea coast. In the same article she excluded the possibility that the ancient Egyptians carried their boats through the mountainous terrain between the Nile and the Red Sea,3 The discovery of the site of the Twelfth-Dynasty port at Wadi Gawasis on the Red Sea shore and the monuments found there have produced significant new evidence. In addition, they cast light on some ancient Egyptian maritime problems. The discovery was achieved by an archaeological expedition started by the History Department, Faculty of Arts, University of Alexandria, under the direction of the writer. The work began on March I 976 and lasted for two seasons of excavations (March I976, Jan.-Feb. I977).4 The expedition began the work within the valley of Wadi Gasus in a Roman station (Hydreuma) which lies at about 7 km. from the Red Sea shore, following previous discoveries by J. Burton and Sir Gardner Wilkinson in its temple of two Twelfth Dynasty stelae. We discovered in the Roman station a number of various monuments of Graeco-Roman type, but no Pharaonic monument or inscription was found, although we excavated the station to its very foundations. The stela of Khentekhtaywer (at least) was transferred to the Roman station in Graeco-Roman times from a place on the Red Sea shore (the port of Sawu). Therefore I shifted the work to the sea shore. On the sea shore we worked at two sites: I. At the mouth of the valley of Wadi Gasus there is a small dhow harbour called Mersa Gasus. It lies at about 20 km. south of the modern port of Safaga. We did not find any monument there.

Abstract: This article strongly questions small farmers’ need for access to low-interest credit to enable them to adopt technological improvements. In many cases credit may be unnecessary, in others it may be useless, and in most circumstances low interest rates do more harm than good. The article questions the assumptions behind the need-creed, which may not always be valid when applied to a specific rural situation.

Abstract: The increasing importance of cargo-handling costs in maritime transport supports the need to employ effective contractual arrangements between the shipowner and stevedore to encourage more efficient utilization of resources. Assuming that there are no imperfections in the transport market these improvements should eventually be reflected in the final price of commodities to consumers. This paper, which is part of a more comprehensive research project into port productivity, provides a general description of port charging practices and discusses the merits and disadvantages of alternative stevedoring charging practices.

Abstract: Summary The traditional focus of Far Eastern liner shipping routes and a classic entrepot among the world's ports, the port of Hong Kong, with characteristic adaptability, moved quickly to become one of the major container ports of Southeast Asia. This paper examines the issues and events which conditioned the decision to construct the Kwai Chung container terminal, the characteristics of shipping and cargo flows using this and other terminals of the port at the time of the introduction of full container capability and the impact of the new technology on the operational and morphological aspects of the port.

Abstract: P OLITICS and transportation are closely intertwined in modern Africa. Studies of Third World development normally recognize the all-pervading importance of the political dimension; the significance of the chronological perspective in political development has frequently been demonstrated. Numerous writers have analyzed geopolitical situations on a macro scale;1 however, fewer attempts have been made to analyze micro-scale political situations in spatial terms. Balancing international trends in commodity flows and transport technology with national and regional political and economic systems is a fundamental dilemma of port authorities in modern Africa, and the role of the seaport is critical in solving this problem.2 As a vital node in a complex and rapidly changing international system, a seaport must respond promptly and efficiently to change. During the period from i965 to 1975, the port of Dar es Salaam did respond, and its transformation marked the beginning of a new era in the development of the port and of Tanzania.

Abstract: Passage of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 and its subsequent 1976 amendments set in motion a new mechanism for federal, state, and local governments to collaborate on the wise use and conservation of the nation's coastal resources The authors present a study of the conflicts over use of coastal resources, how coastal management programs deal with port development problems, and how people are working together to plan the use of these resources

Abstract: PURPOSE:To contrive to make automatic the window service, by transporting bank notes vertically inserted into the cash insertion port arranged in front portion separately one by one, and by arranging the detector so as to judge the correctness before piling up the bank notes horizontally in the cash receiving safe.

Abstract: The response of American merchants to the opportunities of neutral trade after 1793 was not limited to expanding the volume of their operations. Semi-annual reports on shipping submitted by American consuls to the Department of State provide a uniquely rich source of evidence about mercantile decisions. Analysis of the evidence from the port of Leghorn, Italy, between 1798 and 1820 reveals the growing productivity of American shipping and the characteristics of America's re-export trade to southern Europe.

Abstract: Following a general discussion on port pricing policies and structures the author explores the argument that price in itself provides an inadequate focus of needs and preferences of port users, especially users of container terminals, and suggests a system of input pricing related to the sale of terminal capability on a time basis.

Abstract: A 2-port network is designed with i.i.d. components and has a) i.i.d. series stages, each with parallel components or b) i.i.d parallel strings, each with series components (dual network); components can fail in either an open or short mode. The network-success requirement is that its input-output terminals be neither open nor short. A computer algorithm is given which determines a) the number of required components from the available number of components, b) the optimum number of stages or parallel strings, and c) the optimum number of components per stage or string, to maximize system reliability. The case of an unlimited number of components is considered in connection with the design of the network to meet a prescribed level of reliability.

Abstract: For the first time settlement and growth of pearl oyst«rs have be-en observed on granite stones forming the embankments of the New Tuticorin Port. Large numbers of pearl oyster spat have also been collected by employing diflfeirent types of spat collectors and the rate of growth of the oysters in the farm has been studied

Abstract: This paper outlines the theoretical background to port-investment projects and compares this with current practice.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To better dumping capacity with increased area of discharge port by increasing the height between the floor of the deck body and the axis of rotation of the rear dump door.

Abstract: Mobile cranes are being increasingly used in the world's ports and terminals both as back-up and mainline equipment. To date, port mobiles have tended to be developments of existing road-going mobile cranes though of late, mobile portal cranes derived from dockside crane design have been introduced. This article, based on a paper presented at the recent 7th International Harbour Conference in Antwerp, describes a new mobile crane concept which attempts to combine the best qualities of road-going mobile and dockside portal cranes.