Abstract: PREFACEThis is a history of port development, shipping services, and economicngrowth in Queensland. It is also an attempt to define the emergence of a sense ofnAustralian economic nationalism. The history of the ports is considered in itselfnand as the product of the expansion of the economy and shipping, while thenstudies of the ports and shipping provide detailed examples of the argumentnabout nationalism which is intended to unify the work. The result is a relativelynstraightforward discussion of ports and shipping, together with a selectiventreatment of Queensland's economic history. This approach is not an academicallynorthodox one. American historians, like Turner, Beard, and Hofstadter,nhave established an impressive tradition of speculative cultural history that isnconcerned with the meaning of the American past. Yet, until recently, Australiannhistorians have usually modelled their accounts on English examplesnwhich have been as skilful as American studies, but less concerned with thenpurpose of their national experience. Trevelyan, Clapham, and Asa Briggs, fornexample, have written excellent but comparatively empirical history. Thisnwork is an experiment which aims at combining the strengths of American andnEnglish historical techniques to interpret the Australian past. It is a monographicnhistory of the Queensland ports as well as a much broader treatment ofnsome of the widest issues in Australian history.n This is primarily an economic history of the ports. Politically, some aspectsnof port history such as the evolution of port administration have been given anfair amount of attention, yet these are ultimately related back to the ports'nworst economic dilemma in the periodmtheir need to move to deep water.nPort development was a colourful and often exciting affair, but the personalnangle of port history has also been left to one side, and some of the mostninteresting questions about the ports still remain to be answered. What, forninstance, was the exact influence of the port engineers and administrators onnpoliticians in forming port policies? A general answer is given in the text butnthe full story still needs to be told.n The discussion of port administration has been restricted to the Queenslandnports and cross-references to other ports have been confined to Sydney, Melbourne,nand some English ports. This was partly because of the surprising lacknof relevant historical studies of other Australian and overseas ports, but morenimportantly, it is one of my main points that port development in Queenslandnwas tangled inextricably with much wider political and economic problems. Itnwould seem to be inherent in the nature of a port that its historical connectionnwith the hinterland is the single most important determinant of the form of portnadministration.n Otherwise, most stress has been placed on the economic reasons why portsnsucceeded or failed in the long run, so the early years in each port are dealt withnbriefly. Many small ports were set up on Queensland's coast after 1850 butnwhat has been taken as most important here is why they survived. Port developmentnwas invariably based on hinterland exports, so the account of Queensland'sneconomic growth has been specially tailored to suit it to explaining this problem.nQuestions about exports, producing industries, and regional trade have beennemphasized, while urban construction, and even the import trade, have beennpassed over. In the treatment of the ports' shipping services there are twonlimitations. Firstly, there is a shortage of accurate historical information aboutnshipping freight rates, and, as Geoffrey Blainey has noted, also about thenAustralian shipping services. nSecondly, in assessing port efficiency emphasis hasnbeen placed on berthage and port depths as short-run indicators of capability,nbut the long-term issue of how port placement was influenced by the form ofnport administration has been taken as the more important criterion.n Lastly, in the discussion of the economy and the shipping services, onlynthose features which were relevant to port development or to the question ofnnationalism have been brought out. No attempt has been made to write anhistory of waterside unionism. Instead, the special conditions which made thenports such troublesome areas of industrial militancy are discussed, as militancyndirectly affected the ports, and as it can be seen as a particular expression of anwider nationalist opposition to unconditional economic growth. Periodizationnhas been based on the basic phases of economic development. The politicalnreasons for breaking the account at 1900, 1918, and 1939 are obvious, but thenchoice of 1885 might be disputed. Finally, the discussion of the structure andntiming of growth may be partly erroneous because of the lack of publishednhistorical material on the Queensland economy. nAll the economic statisticsnreferred to in the text and not otherwise acknowledged are derived from thenrelevant physical production figures in the Statistical Registers. It is emphasizednthat at times they are only crude estimates.n So much for reservations. A few words about the work's methodologicalnbasis may be helpful however. In Stuart Hughes's estimation each of the leadingnfigures in Western social science between 1890 and 1930 stressed the need fornsomething more than a rigorous scientific method in their disciplines. Croce,nMannheim, and Weber had different ideas about what this extra-rationalnprocedure should involve, but they each chose to step past the barriers ofnorthodox reason. Croce took pains to warn historians against writing what hentermed philological historymuncritical history that reproduces the past in itsnown terms and lacks contemporary relevance. Camus later made a similar pointnwhen he condemned purely historical thought as nihilistic. The element ofnqsomething moreq in this study is my argument about Australian nationalism.n To conclude: Australian port history is almost an untouched field and regionalism has been specially influential in Queensland's past. This book placesnthe ports in the foreground of the state's economic development, as a vital partnof the regional transport systems, and examines their history as a case study ofnthe growth of Australian economic nationalism in Queensland.n

Abstract: Planning the development of ports and harbours involves many complex, technical tasks. Various facility designs must be outlined and analysed. Facility locations must be evaluated and sites selected. Environmental issues must be recognised and the impact of port facilities on the environment must be estimated. Traffic and trade levels must be forecast. Port operating procedures must be evaluated to insure proper facility design. Men, material and capital resources must be inventoried to support the budgeting and economic analysis required. Finally, an economic evaluation must be made of the costs and benefits of the development project. Port planners must often develop plans under economic, social and political pressures. These pressures may not allow the time necessary to evaluate fully all the possible facility designs which could be included in the development plan. The computer model and planning methodology outlined briefly in this paper are designed to facilitate the development process by providing an automated planning framework for the rapid, accurate and thorough analysis of alternative port development plans. This port planning model is centred around a dynamic, stochastic digital computer simulation program. It is dynamic in that port operations may be simulated for any desired length of time; thereby providing in minutes estimates of the results of port operations simulated for years. The model is stochastic in that processes which vary randomly in actual port operations are represented to vary in the same way during the simulation. This added realism in the model increases the accuracy of its results. By properly specifying input data planners may evaluate the effect of alternative development plans on the port's operation; however, its use is not limited to development planning only.

Abstract: A hot beverage dispensing machine is disclosed which comprises a reservoir, communicating through a port with a liquid-metering chamber, the latter communicating through a second port with a heating chamber which, in turn, has a third port, or dispensing port, three valve means being provided, each for one of the three ports, the valve means being so actuable that, as the first and the third ports are open, the second is closed, and vice versa. The desired beverage can thus be dispensed at the desired temperature and in a reliably determined quantity for each dispensing operation.

Abstract: The apparatus comprises a double-acting consumer having a first work conduit for receipt of pressure fluid to cause the consumer to effect movement of a load in a first direction and having a second work conduit for receipt of pressure fluid to cause the consumer to effect movement of the load in opposite second direction. The apparatus includes a tank, a supply conduit and a pump for pumping fluid from the tank into the supply conduit, a second port connected to the tank, a third port, and a fourth port connected to the second work conduit of the double-acting consumer. The selector valve has a first position in which fluid communication is established in the selector valve between the first and fourth ports and also between the second and third ports. The selector valve has a second position in which fluid communication is established in the selector valve between the first and third ports and also between the second and fourth ports. A control valve has a first port connected to the first work conduit of the double-acting consumer and has a second port connected to the third port of the selector valve. The control valve has a first position in which fluid communication between the ports of the control valve in the control valve is blocked. The control valve has a second position in which fluid communication between the ports of the control valve in the control valve is established. A pressure-regulating device is connected between the fourth port of the selector valve and the tank and is operative for regulating the pressure of fluid in the second work conduit of the double-acting consumer.

Abstract: A hydraulic control valve including a valve body having an inlet port, first and second outlet ports and a return port with a first movable valve element for selectively and alternately communicating the inlet port with the first outlet port and the return port and a second movable valve element for selectively controlling communication between the first and second outlet ports and a third movable valve element for selectively controlling communication of the second outlet port with the return port when communication between the outlet ports is blocked.

Abstract: Early seafarers perceived the large, deep-water sound and numerous waterways of Port Royal, South Carolina, as advantages for the development of a port with an excellent transport network. Those who settled the land, however, perceived the large sound and waterways as obstacles which led to isolation, political fragmentation, and fears of military insecurity. The failure of colonial development at Port Royal appears related to the physical features which were praised by those who first described the area.

Abstract: A high speed, four-way valve has a high-pressure and lowpressure port which are respectively connected to a first and second outlet port. Operation of the valve switches the connection of the high-pressure and low-pressure ports to the second and first outlet ports, respectively.

Abstract: Oil spills only occur after the start-up of a facility but oil spill prevention for a pipeline-terminal-tanker complex begins with route selection and continues through design, construction, personnel training, operation and maintenance. The trans-Alaska pipeline project has faced all of the usual, and some unusual, problems which needed solutions to give maximum assurance that oil spills would not occur during the operating life of the facilities. This conference today is considering the prevention of oil spill incidents associated with tanker and pipeline operations, refineries, and transfer and storage terminals. The trans-Alaska pipeline system is concerned with each of these functions of the petroleum industry. Alyeska Pipeline Service Company is responsible for design, construction, operation, and maintenance of the pipeline system which will move crude oil produced on the Alaskan North Slope along a route to Valdez, an ice free port located on an arm of Prince William Sound. At Valdez, the...

Abstract: (1973). The turbulent thirties in Trinidad: An interview with Alfred H. Mendes Port of Spain, 6 Oct. 1972. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 66-79.

Abstract: For use with a tunnelling shield in which an excavating tool operates within a substantially sealed-off and pressurized region, a spoil-removal device for extracting spoil from the pressurized region comprises a cylindrical chamber which has an inlet port open to the pressurized region and a discharge port which is open to a position outside said region and a multi-compartment rotary member adapted to rotate in said chamber in sealed co-operation therewith, each compartment of the rotary member being arranged to pass said inlet port and said discharge port in turn and being arranged not to be open to both ports at the same time, each compartment being arranged to receive a charge of solid spoil when the compartment reaches the inlet port, the amount of the charge being governed by the angle of slide of the spoil, and to deliver the charge to said position outside the excavating region when the compartment reaches the discharge port, substantially each part of the compartment surface which supports the charge when in the vicinity of the discharge port being arranged to attain an angle to the horizontal which is generally in excess of said sliding angle of the spoil, whereby the compartment tends to empty itself while the compartment is open to the discharge port. The axis of rotation of the rotary member may be at right angles or parallel to the direction of the longitudinal axis of the tunnel being excavated. The device may include a receiver for receiving and supporting solid spoil in front of said inlet port.

Abstract: The types of oil wastes brought into selected ports by non-military shipping are identified. Estimates of quantities, based on total prohibition of overboard dumping, brought in during 1970 and anticipated for 1975 and 1980 are made. Conceptual designs for collecting, treating and disposing of the oil wastes with no additional environmental degradation along with cost estimates were made for the selected ports. The roles of Government are explored, the impact on shipping is evaluated and the overall entrepreneurial viability of the concept discussed. It is intended that this report serve as a guide for any U.S. port contemplating a Port Collection and Separation Facility. This study includes Volume I--Collection, Treatment and Disposal of Oily Water Wastes from Ships, Volume II--General Technology, Volume III--General Data and Conceptual Plans, for the Surveyed Ports, Volume IV--Executive Summary.

Abstract: Two related hydraulic systems in which the pressure in each system may vary are connected to ports leading into spaced chambers in a housing, and an internal passage in the housing extending between the chambers is controlled by resiliently loaded valve members each operable by pressure in one system to establish communication between said passage and the port connected to that system.

Abstract: The choice between multipurpose and multiple specialized offshore port facilities requires many decisions which may be more effectively made using system analysis and simulation methods recently developed and discussed in this paper. Optimization of investment and other costs by allocating resources and developing utilization strategies are also presented. The methods include the determination of the effects of number, location, capacity, use, investment and other costs of offshore facilities to meet a given demand, and the analysis of simulation of port design, use and policy decision as they affect multi versus single purpose ports.