Abstract: Poly(caprolactone) (PCL)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends are known to be miscible in the solid state. Recents measurements however indicate that a large number of polyesters are also miscible with PVC if the ratio CH2/CO of the polyester is between 4 and 10. At low CH2/CO ratios, polyesters are too rigid to interact specifically with PVC. At high CH2/CO ratios, the number of interacting groups becomes too small to give miscibility. Similarly, a large number of chlorinated polymers are shown to be miscible with PCL if their chlorine content is high enough. Surprisingly, polyesters are not in general miscible with chlorinated polymers if the mixture does not contain either PCL or PVC. The results presented in this paper suggest that a dipole-dipole interaction, between the carbonyl groups and the C-Cl groups, is responsible for the miscibility phenomena observed in polyester/chlorinated polymer blends.

Abstract: Properties of linear polyesters based on azoxybenzene and 2,2′-methylazoxybenzene moieties with linear, flexible spacers based on mixtures of dodecanedioic acid (DDA) and methyladipic acid (MAA), chiral or racemic, of various compositions (system MAA/DDA-8 and MAA/DDA-9, respectively) have been described Substitution of methyl groups in the 2,2′ or 3,3′ positions of the mesogenic core leads to soluble and relatively low-melting-point polyesters The viscosity law for (MAA/DDA-9) polyesters in 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane gives an exponent 076, indicating well-sol-vated, coiled chain conformations in dilute solution Calorimetric data show an increase in isotropization entropy ΔSNI with increasing average length of the spacer This suggests a nonrandom conformation of the spacer in the nematic melt with a degree of order superior to that of low-molecular-weight analogs X-ray data obtained with an oriented nematic glass quenched from the nematic melt of DDA-9 subjected to a magnetic field of 10–12 T also support the extended-chain model in the nematic phase of DDA-9 Oriented fibers can be produced by subjecting nematic melts of polyesters 8 and 9 either to magnetic fields of high intensity or to shear fields The x-ray data obtained from these fibers also support the extended-chain model Cholesteric systems do not orient in the magnetic field of 10–12 T The study of mesophases of systems 8 and 9 indicates a dramatic influence of the position of the ester group on the stability of the mesophase in the azoxybenzene polyesters The results are interpreted in terms of geometric factors influencing the colinearity of the mesogenic core and of the extended spacer

Abstract: The thermal properties of two new series of thermotropic, liquid crystalline polyesters were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and on a hot-stage of a polarizing microscope. The first series contained an aromatic ester triad with a central terephthaloyl and two terminal oxybenzoyl units connected by a flexible polymethylene spacer containing from two to ten methylene units. The second series contained a head-to-head tail-to-tail aromatic ester dyad with one terephthaloyl and one oxybenzoyl unit and either a dimethylene or hexamethylene spacer. The melting temperatures and the transition temperatures for conversion from the mesophase to the isotropic phase (the clearing temperature) of the polyesters in the first series initially decreased in a zig-zag manner for polymers with up to nine methylene units but increased for the decamethylene polymer. The temperature ranges over which the mesophase formation occurred were generally broader for polymers containing an odd number of methylene units than for those with an even number of units. Most, if not all, of the polymers in both series formed nematic states on melting. The enthalpy and entropy changes for the clearing transition both increased with the length of the polymethylene spacer. Polymers of the second series possessed lower transition temperatures and narrower temperature ranges for mesophase formation, as would be expected for the shorter mesogenic unit.

Abstract: Novel thermoplastic compositions are disclosed which comprise blends of: (a) a polyester-carbonate resin; and (b) at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of (i) polyamides, (ii) polyimides, (iii) polyamideimides, and (iv) mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Blends of the polyhydroxy ether of bisphenol-A, Phenoxy, with the polyesters poly(1,4-butylene adipate), poly(ethylene adipate), poly(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene succinate), poly(2,2-dimethyl-1, 3-propylene adipate), poly(1,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol succinate), and poly(ϵ-caprolactone), are found to exhibit the single, composition-dependent glass transition temperatures characteristic of miscible systems Phenoxy blends containing poly(ethylene succinate), poly(hexamethylene succinate), or poly(pivaloactone) were found to be immiscible Blend interaction parameters, obtained from analysis of the melting-point depressions observed for miscible blends containing crystallizable polyester components, are found to vary with polyester chemical structure so as to suggest an optimum density of ester groups in the polyester chain for achieving maximum interaction with Phenoxy Too many or too few ester groups lead to immiscible polyester–Phenoxy blends

Abstract: The relationship was determined between sub-Tg molecular motions and the transport of O2 and CO2 in amorphous polyesters and copolyesters based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] and poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) [PCDT], Modifications of the polyester with certain acid co-monomers restricted the molecular motions that occurred in the β-relaxation region and in turn decreased the O2 diffusion coefficient. The solubility coefficient was unchanged by those modifications. Modification of PET with 1,4-cyclohex-anedimethanol increased the magnitude of the β-relaxation and both the diffusion and solubility coefficients of O2. Similar relationships between the β-relaxation magnitude and CO2 permeability were also found. The temperature dependence of O2 permeability followed an Arrhenius relationship, with different activation energies (Ep) above and below the β-relaxation. The activation energy was smaller below the β-relaxation. Values of Ep above and below the β-relaxation did not depend on the chemical structure of the polymer.

Abstract: A series of polysters based on a triad aromatic ester mesogenic unit but containing different poly(alkylene oxide) flexible spacers in the main chain was prepared and its properties examined. The flexible spacers consisted of poly(alkylene oxide)s of varying lengths based on either oligomers of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. The spacer types, lengths and distributions were found to strongly affect the mesophase and melting behaviors of the polymers. Polymers with spacers having more than 10 units were not liquid crystalline, whereas those of shorter length exhibited mesophase properties. The polymers containing spacers with two, three, or four oxyethylene units showed two mesophases, and the textures of their mesophases suggested that both smectic and nematic phases were formed.

Abstract: Permeant degradation affects the brittleness, flexural fatigue, and ultimate tensile properties of polyester fibers more drastically than topochemical degradation. Topochemical degradation was obtained by hydrolysis with aqueous NaOH and permeant degradation by aminolysis with aqueous ethylamine. Treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide appears to leave the polyester fiber surfaces more resistant to abrasion damage.

Abstract: A high clarity, low haze polyester having improved heat-up rates contains very small amounts of an infrared absorbent material therein such as carbon black. Such polyesters are used in preforms as for making trays, etc., and especially in molding operations such as in the blow molding of beverage bottles.

Abstract: Disclosed is a soft and flexible thermoplastic resinous composition having high impact and tear resistances, a good processability and a good thermal adhesion to a wide variety of plastic and other materials. The resinous composition consists essentially of 5 to 70 wt. % of a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer and 30 to 95 wt. % of a modified polyolefin or an olefin copolymer, having functional groups of at least one type selected from carboxyl, carboxylate salt, carboxylic anhydride, amide, hydroxyl and epoxy groups. A typical application of the thermoplastic resinous composition is a laminate having at least two lamine bonded to each other, at least one of the laminae being comprised of the above-mentioned resinous composition and the other being comprised of at least one material selected from vinyl chloride polymer resins, vinylidene chloride polymer resins, thermoplastic polyester resins, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer resins, polyamide resins, polyacrylonitrile and nitrile copolymer resins, polystyrene and styrene copolymer resins, polymethyl methacrylate and acrylic copolymer resins, polyurethane resins, olefin polymer resins, polyacetal resins, polyvinyl acetal resins, polycarbonate resins, polyphenylene oxide resins, polysulfone resins, epoxy resins, phenol-formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyester resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, natural and synthetic rubbers, cellulosic materials, cement, glass and other ceramic materials and metals.

Abstract: Polyesters having recurring units derived from diols and diacids and recurring units derived from p-hydroxybenzoic acid is disclosed. Electrographic developer compositions comprising toner particles containing the polyesters are also disclosed.

Abstract: A technique is described for photoetching polyesters, such as polyethylene teraphthalate (PET), efficiently, and without causing degradation or heating of the bulk of the PET material. At least about 1000Å of the polyester are removed by application of ultraviolet radiation having wavelengths less than 220 nm. To enhance the process, irradiation can occur in the presence of oxygen or air.

Abstract: A novel wholly aromatic polyester is provided which contains specified concentrations of recurring 2,6-dicarboxynaphthalene moiety, 2,6-dioxynaphthalene moiety, terephthaloyl moiety, and 1,4-dioxybenzene moiety. It has been found that such polyester is capable of exhibiting an anisotropic melt phase which is readily melt processable to form quality fibers, films, molded articles, etc. The absence in the polymer chain of moieties derived from hydroxy acids has been found to yield a highly linear more extended polymer chain along the polyester which contributes to the stiffness characteristics of shaped articles comprising the same.

Abstract: Fibrous webs comprising fibers coated with a continuous film comprising silica have excellent absorbent and wicking properties. The fibers themselves may be hydrophilic (e.g., cellulose) or hydrophobic (e.g., a polyolefin or a polyester).

Abstract: Polyester resins are produced by chemically reacting a broken-down alkali metal lignin-cellulose polymer, a substituted organic hydroxy compound and a polycarboxylic acid compound and/or a polycarboxylic acid anhydride. Polyester resins may be used as molding powder, as coating agents and to produce polyurethane foams.

Abstract: A process is provided for deactivation of catalyst residues in polyester compositions. The polyester compositions are provided by polymerizing diols and diacids, or mixtures of such diols and diacids, to form polyester compositions. The polymerization is carried out in the presence of a polymerization catalyst that leaves traces of such catalyst residues in the polyester composition. These catalyst residues can adversely affect the further processing and end use of the polyester composition. The present process provides deactivation of the catalyst residues by the use of a combination of a mono- or dihydrogen phosphonate or mono-, di-, or trihydrogen phosphate compound and a di- or triester phosphonate compound or a phosphite compound.

Abstract: Vinyl ester resins are thermosetting resins that consist of a polymer backbone with an acrylate (R = H) or methacrylate (R = CH3) termination Open image in new window . Although vinyl ester resins have sometimes been classified as polyesters, they are typically diesters that (depending on the polymer backbone) contain recurring ether linkages.

Abstract: Provided is a method for preparing melt-processable polyesters efficiently via the direct polymerization of aromatic hydroxy acids. By the direct polymerization method, hydroxy and acid moieties are reacted directly without the use of acetylated reactants, thereby avoiding the disadvantages inherent in the case of acetylated reactants. The direct polymerization is conducted in the presence of a catalyst comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of the Group IV and V metals.

Abstract: A concentrated emulsion of non-absorbable liquid polyol polyesters and high melting fatty acids or esters thereof in water can be diluted to a highly palatable beverage. The emulsifier system comprises a polyglycerol ester and an aliphatic glycol ester. The beverage provides the hypercholesteremic or obese patient with a highly agreeable vehicle for his daily requirement of non-absorbable liquid polyol polyester.

Abstract: 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Background.- 1.2 Structure and properties of plastics.- 1.2.1 Mechanical properties.- 1.2.2 Thermal properties.- 1.2.3 Electrical properties.- 1.2.4 Optical properties.- 1.2.5 Melt properties.- 1.2.6 Chemical properties.- 1.3 Additives.- 1.4 Processing of plastics.- 1.4.1 Thermoplastics processing.- 1.4.2 Foams.- 1.4.3 Shaping of cross-linking plastics.- 1.5 Practical methods of processing.- 1.5.1 Thermoplastics processing.- 1.5.2 Processing methods for cross-linking plastics.- 1.6 Interactions between shaping process and plastics materials.- Further reading.- 2 Fundamentals of design.- 2.1 Engineering design.- 2.1.1 Fracture mechanics applied to plastics.- 2.2 Design limitations imposed by processing method.- 2.3 Product design.- 2.3.1 Thermoplastics.- 2.3.2 Thermosetting plastics.- 2.3.3 Foams and reinforced plastics.- 2.3.4 Tolerance and dimensional control of products.- 2.4 Importance of economics of processing in design.- Further reading.- 3 Styrene plastics.- 3.1 Polystyrene.- 3.2 High impact polystyrene.- 3.3 Styrene copolymers.- 3.4 ABS plastics.- 3.5 Polystyrene-poly(phenylene oxide) blends.- 4 Other amorphous thermoplastics.- 4.1 Poly(methyl methacrylate).- 4.2 Cellulose plastics.- 4.2.1 Regenerated cellulose.- 4.2.2 Cellulose esters.- 4.2.3 Cellulose ethers.- 4.3 Polycarbonates.- 5 Propylene plastics.- 5.1 Homopolymer and impact-modified grades.- 5.2 Filled polypropylene.- 5.3 Foamed polypropylene.- 5.4 Miscellaneous applications of propylene polymers.- 6 Other polyolefin plastics.- 6.1 Polyethylene.- 6.1.1 High-density polyethylene.- 6.1.2 Low-density polyethylene.- 6.1.3 Linear low-density polyethylene.- 6.1.4 Very low-density polyethylene.- 6.1.5 Blends of ethylene polymers.- 6.2 Ethylene copolymers.- 6.3 Polybut-1-ene.- 6.4 Poly-4-methylpent-1-ene.- 7 Other crystalline thermoplastics.- 7.1 Polyamides.- 7.1.1 General-purpose polyamides.- 7.1.2 Modified polyamides.- 7.1.3 Aromatic polyamides and polyimides.- 7.2 Thermoplastic polyesters.- 7.2.1 Homo-polyesters.- 7.2.2 Blends of polyesters.- 7.3 Polyacetals.- 8 Vinyl chloride plastics.- 8.1 Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride).- 8.2 Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride).- 8.3 Vinyl chloride copolymers.- 8.4 Blends of poly(vinyl chloride).- 8.5 Vinylidene chloride polymers and copolymers.- 9 Speciality thermoplastics.- 9.1 Fluoroplastics.- 9.1.1 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene).- 9.1.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride).- 9.1.3 Other fluoropolymers.- 9.2 Polysulphones.- 9.3 Poly(phenylene sulphide).- 10 Cross-linked plastics.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Phenol-formaldehyde plastics.- 10.2.1 Novolak PF resins.- 10.2.2 Resol PF resins.- 10.3 Urea-formaldehyde plastics.- 10.4 Melamine-formaldehyde plastics.- 10.5 Unsaturated polyester resins.- 10.5.1 Structure and properties.- 10.5.2 Glass fibre-reinforced polyesters.- 10.6 Epoxide resins.- 11 Polyurethane plastics.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Molecular structure-property relationships.- 11.2.1 Typical reactions.- 11.2.2 Monomeric components.- 11.3 Properties and applications of polyurethanes.- 11.3.1 Flexible polyurethane foams.- 11.3.2 Rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams.- 11.3.3 Reaction injection moulded polyurethane products.- 11.3.4 Elastomeric and resinous thermosetting polyurethanes.- 11.3.5 Thermoplastic polyurethanes.- 11.3.6 Polyurethanes as surface coatings, adhesives and sealants.- Further reading.

Abstract: A high twist polyester multifilament yarn having a twist of a twist multiplier K within a range between 15,000 and 25,000, made from polyester filaments consisting essentially of a copolymer of two or more monomers selected from the group consisting of ethylene terephthalate, trimethylene terephthalate and tetramethylene terephthalate and/or a blend of two or more polymers of the respective monomers and having a breaking elongation of not more than 60% and a shrinkage in boiling water of not more than 6%. A woven or knitted crepe fabric obtained by employing such a high twist yarn has a desirable pebble configuration.

Abstract: A laminated lidding material suitable for use on cups of high density polyethylene and/or polypropylene comprises (1) as the bottom layer, a co-extruded layer of ethylene methyl acrylate and low density polyethylene resin, (2) a primer layer, preferably of polyurethane, (3) a layer of polyester, nylon, polypropylene or metallic foil, (4) a layer of low density polyethylene resin, and (5) a top layer of metallic foil, preferably aluminum foil Lids prepared from this material can be adhered to the tops of high density polyethylene and/or polypropylene cups, and have sufficient strength so that they do not tear on removal

Abstract: There is disclosed thickened, low shrinkage polyester molding compositions having improved pigmentation. The improved pigmentation in thickenable polyester molding compositions containing a carboxylated vinyl ester polymer low profile additive is achieved either by incorporating a surfactant in the composition, by using as the low profile additive a vinyl acetate/maleic acid copolymer, or by a combination of the two methods.

Abstract: Disclosed are ternary blends of (a) a polyetherimide and (b) a polyarylate, an aromatic polyester which is derived from a dihydric phenol and a dicarboxylic acid and (c) a thermoplastic polymer selected from polycarbonates and aliphatic-aromatic polyesters which is compatible with the polyetherimide and the polyarylate. The blends exhibit a high heat distortion temperature and have a good degree of flame resistance.