TL;DR: A lectin was isolated from the homogenate of the tunicate Polyandrocarpa misakiensis by heat treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: The 2.2 AX-ray crystal structure of Polyandrocarpa lectin complexed with D-galactose has been determined in this paper, showing that TC14 behaves as a dimer in solution with two molecules in the asymmetric unit with the dimeric interface formed by antiparallel pairing of the two N-terminal b-strands and hydrophobic interactions.
TL;DR: The results of this work suggest that retinoic acid or related molecule(s) act as an endogenous trigger of morphallactic development of Polyandrocarpa buds.
Abstract: We have extracted retinoids from the budding tunicate Polyandrocarpa misakiensis and, using HPLC, identified some major peaks as cis-retinal, all-trans-retinal and all-trans-retinoic acid, of which cis-retinal was most abundant (~2 micromolar). In developing buds, the amount of cis-retinal was about one-fifth that of the adult animals. In those buds, aldehyde dehydrogenase, which could metabolize retinal in vitro, was expressed in epithelial cells and then in mesenchymal cells at the proximal extremity, that is, the future developmental field of the bud. Exogenous retinoic acid comparable to the endogenous level could induce an additional field at the distal end of the bud, resulting in a double monster. The induction always accompanied an ectopic expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase. The results of this work suggest that retinoic acid or related molecule(s) act as an endogenous trigger of morphallactic development of Polyandrocarpa buds.
TL;DR: Both the natural product and synthetic polyandrocarpamines were assigned Z geometries about the exocyclic double bond (C-5/C-7) on the basis of 13C/1H long-range coupling constants, which were measured using a gHSQMBC experiment.