Abstract: Benthic foraminiferal distributions in polluted marine areas have been investigated over the last three to four decades, and several workers have pointed out that they provide one of the most sensitive and inexpensive markers available for indicating deterioration of marginal marine environments. Most investigations have been carried out in temperate regions, in areas exposed to several pollution sources. However, environments characterized by organic waste contamination (e.g., sewage or paper and pulp mills) have been addressed more frequently than areas exposed to oil, thermal and various other kinds of pollution. Among the most abundant species close to many outfall areas in temperate regions are Elphidium excavatum and/or Eggerella advena (NW At1antic)lEggerelloides scabrus (NE Atlantic). The dominant tolerant or opportunistic species seems to depend on local hydrographical properties rather than type of effluent. Increased abundance, due to increased nutrient concentrations and reduced predation and competition, is often recorded in areas having high organic inputs. Such abundance aureoles may be separated from outfall centers by an area of strongly reduced abundance or, in severe cases, by a dead zone. Characteristic features of proximal areas include decreased diversity and increased dominance of tolerant or opportunistic species compared to distal areas. Whether agglutinated or calcareous forms dominate seems to depend on the local hydrography, acidity of the sediment porewater and whether living, dead or total (living + dead) assemblages are considered. Test deformation in foraminifera is known from the geological record. In modern environments, deformation occurs more frequently in polluted than in non-polluted areas. Whether different kinds of test deformation develop under pollution- versus naturally-induced stress and what kind of stress properties cause deformations have not yet been established. Differential adaptions to the complex, and in many cases unique, hydrographical and physical conditions that characterize estuarine environments often make it difficult to separate natural faunal properties from pollution effects, especially in a temporal context. Consequently, pollution effects on the biota in estuaries can best be evaluated by comparing the natural, pre-pollution assemblages with those of the present day. The presence of empty foraminiferal tests in sediment cores penetrating through contaminated intervals provides this kind of information, but possible diagenetic alterations of the original assemblages must always be considered. The fossil record can also provide a comparative baseline for evaluating to what extent legislation, intending to cause environmental improvements, has had a positive effect.

Abstract: History of Air Pollution (P Brimblecombe) Mean Properties of the Atmosphere (D Salstein) The Changing Composition of the Earth's Atmosphere (M Khalil & R Rasmussen) Sources of Air Pollutants (P Middleton) Atmospheric Aerosols (R Pueschel) Reactive Odd-Nitrogen (NOy) in the Atmosphere (J Roberts) Halogens in the Atmospheric Environment (H Singh) Sulfur in the Atmosphere (H Berresheim, et al) Photochemcial Air Pollution (H Jeffries) Ozone in the Troposphere (P Crutzen) Stratospheric Pollution and Ozone Depletion (T-L Shen, et al) Acidic Precipitation (J Hales) Air Pollution and Climate Change (D Wuebbles) Appendix Index

Abstract: This study found that the agenda-setting hypothesis was supported for the issue of pollution from 1970 to 1990. Real-world conditions and the public agenda were not correlated for this issue. Addit...

Abstract: BACKGROUND--Several recent studies have reported associations between short term changes in air pollution and respiratory hospital admissions. This relationship was examined in two cities with substantially different levels of sulphur dioxide (SO2) but similar levels of airborne particles in an attempt to separate the effects of the two pollutants. Significant differences in weather between the two cities allowed the evaluation of that potential confounder also. METHODS--Daily counts of admissions to all hospitals for respiratory disease (ICD 9 460-519) were constructed for persons aged 65 years and older in two cities - New Haven, Connecticut and Tacoma, Washington. Each city was analysed separately. Average daily concentrations of SO2, inhalable particles (PM10), and ozone were computed from all monitors in each city, and daily average temperature and humidity were obtained from the US weather service. Daily respiratory admission counts were regressed on temperature, humidity, day of the week indicators, and air pollution. A 19 day weighted moving regression filter was used to remove all seasonal and subseasonal patterns from the data. Possible U-shaped dependence of admissions on temperature was dealt with using indicator variables for eight categories each of temperature and humidity. Each pollutant was first examined individually and then multiple pollutant models were fitted. RESULTS--All three pollutants were associated with respiratory hospital admissions of the elderly. The PM10 associations were little changed by control for either ozone or SO2. The ozone association was likewise independent of the other pollutants. The SO2 association was substantially attenuated by control for ozone in both cities, and by control for PM10 in Tacoma. The magnitude of the effect was small (relative risk 1.06 in New Haven and 1.10 in Tacoma for a 50 micrograms/m3 increase in PM10, for example) but, given the ubiquitous exposure, this has some public health significance. CONCLUSIONS--Air pollution concentrations within current guidelines were associated with increased respiratory hospital admissions of the elderly. The strongest evidence for an independent association was for PM10, followed by ozone. These results are consistent with other studies and suggest that lowering air pollution concentrations would have some impact on public health.

Abstract: Thirteen sediment cores were examined for 10 metals and organic carbon along a pollution gradient from highly contaminated sediments in New Bedford Harbor to cleaner sediments in Buzzards Bay. Multiple regression of metal content against organic carbon, aluminum, and iron was significant for all metals. However, partial correlation coefficients indicated that organic carbon explained most of the variance for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb. Conversely, most of the explained variance in Mn was related to iron, while the explained variance in Co was equally distributed between the three factors. The pattern recognition technique principal components analysis (PCA) was also applied to the data and revealed two distinct gradients in the types of metals present in the sediments. The first gradient was between uncontaminated sediments of Buzzards Bay and lesser contaminated sediments from the outer portion of New Bedford Harbor. Asecond gradient revealed temporal and spatial differences in the types of metals present in the contaminated harbor sediments.

Abstract: Many recent analyses have reported associations between air pollution and mortality in U.S. cities. In this paper, we present the results of regression analyses of daily mortality in Philadelphia during the period 1973–1988. Pollution variables included in the analyses were total suspended particula

Abstract: Pollution Prevention: A New Agenda Overview of Pollution Prevention.Laws, Regulations and Government Incentives: P2 Elements in U.S.Environmental Laws.Expanding Pollution Prevention Framework: Roles for State and Local Governments.Voluntary Programs.State Facility Planning Requirements.Incentives and Barriers.Industrial P2 Programs: Designing and Implementation: Designing and Maintaining a P2 Program.P2 and Total Quality Management.Examples of Successful P2 Programs.Agile Manufacturing.P2 Implementation Techniques: Facility Prevention Planning.Descriptive Approach for P2 Assessment.Application of Risk Analysis for Setting Priorities.The Bottom Line: Profitability Analysis of P2 Investments Using Total Cost Analysis.Accounting Principles for P2.Measuring P2 Progress.Product Design for P2: P2 Principles of Design.Life Cycle Assessment.Product Labeling.Process Design for P2: Process Development and Synthesis.Reaction Engineering.Separation Technologies.Pollution Prevention Through Process Control.Process Simulation.P2 Through Chemistry.Mixing as a Pollution Prevention Tool.Generic Pollution Prevention: Process Equipment for Cleaning and Degreasing.P2 in Coating Application and Removal.P2 in Office Operations.P2 in Laboratory Operations.Solvent Substitutes.Maintenance Operations and Pollution Prevention.Quantitative Methods of Determining Cleanliness.Materials Management.Water Management Techniques for Pollution Prevention.Industry Specific Techniques: An Overview of Potential Environmental Impact from Industrial Activity.Biotechnology and P2: Industry and Opportunity.P2 in the Electronics Industry.Industrial Waste Recycling at an Automotive Component Manufacturing.Foundries.P2 in the Power Generation Industry.Metals Fabrication.P2 in the Chemical Industry.P2 in the Petroleum Refining Industry.P2 in Electroplating Industries.P2 Automotive Manufacturing.Wood Furniture Finishing.Encouraging P2 Through Publicly Owned Treatment Works.P2 in the Textiles Insdustry.P2 in the Pulp and Paper Industry.Pharmaceuticals.P2 Organizations and Information Resources Sources.

Abstract: The haze of photochemical smog that collects over cities has been seen by most people during hot summer spells. Media reports on adverse health effects abound, and in Britain last week the environment minister asked motorists to leave their cars at home. Is this wise advice or overreaction? The fact that air pollution can be harmful has been accepted in Britain since 4000 excess deaths were recorded during the smog in December 1952.1 The public outcry that followed led to the Clean Air Act of 1957. Air quality improved to the extent that the Clean Air Council was abolished in 1979, the Medical Research Council's Air Pollution Unit was closed a year later, and the monitoring network was largely disbanded. Classic industrial air pollution was made up largely of smoke and sulphur dioxide from the burning of coal and generally occurred in winter. In Britain this has mainly been replaced by pollution from the combustion of petrol and diesel, which predominantly takes place in vehicles. Vehicle exhausts emit oxides of nitrogen (particularly nitrogen dioxide), carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulates, and lead. On hot, still days these accumulate over cities, together with low concentrations of industrial pollutants, and undergo further reactions catalysed …

Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in both sediment and brown bullhead catfish tissues from the Black River in Lorain County, Ohio, declined by 65% and 93%, respectively, between 1980 and 1982. Sediment PAHs declined an additional 99% by 1987, coincident with the closure of a coking facility in 1983. Contemporaneously, liver cancer in 3- to 4-year-old brown bullheads declined to about one-quarter the 1982 frequency (10% versus 39%) by 1987, while the percentage of livers without any proliferative lesions doubled (42% versus 20%). These changes were significant within age group. Our data affirm a cause-and-effect relationship between PAH exposure and liver cancer in wild fish. The data also support the efficacy of natural, unassisted remediation once the source of the pollution is eliminated.

Abstract: Eroded soils, as a potential nonpoint P source, have come under scrutiny, particularly in agricultural watersheds. Surface water and groundwater in the Tualatin Riber (TRB) of Northwestern Oregon have maximum concentrations of 2.1 and 2.6 mg P/L, respectively. We hypothesized that TRB soils are a for P source in the basin because of their high native soil P concentrations and soil P adsorption characteristics. We sampled eight soil series from both lowland and upland positions in the TRB, with both andic and nonandic mineralogy. All soils sampled had high total P concentrations (660-2304 mg P/kg soil). High average extractable P (Bray P1, 74 mg P/kg soil, and ammonium bicarbonate, 35.7 mg P/kg soil) concentrations were found primarily in lowland, nonandic soils. There was no significant difference between P sorption maxima; however, P affinity was significantly higher in upland soils (0.19 L/mg soil) than in lowland soils (0.04 L/mg P). Upland, andic soils, due to their erosion potential and high TP levels (average of 1889 mg P/kg soil), could be a P source for surface waters. Lowland, nonandic soils, due to their high extractable P concentrations and lower P sorption affinity, could be a source for both surface and groundwater. Thus, all soils studied, comprising approximately 50% of TRB soils, are potential nonpoint P sources in this watershed, indicating that native soil P is a potential source of nonpoint P pollution

Abstract: Conifers are known to respond to SO{sub 2}, O{sub 3}, NO{sub x} and acid deposition. Of these pollutants, O{sub 3} is likely the most widespread and phytotoxic compound, and therefore of great interest to individuals concerned with forest resources Direct biological responses have a toxicological effects on metabolism which can then scale to effects on tree growth and forest ecology, including processes of competition and succession. Air pollution can cause reductions in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, which are the physiological parameters most rigorously studied for conifers. Some effects air pollutants can have on plants are influenced by the presence of co-occurring environmental stresses. For example, drought usually reduces vulnerability of plants to air pollution. In addition, air pollution sensitivity may differ among species and with plant/leaf age. Plants may make short-term physiological adjustments to compensate for air pollution or may evolve resistance to air pollution through the processes of selection. Models are necessary to understand how physiological processes, growth processes, and ecological processes are affected by air pollutants. The process of defining the ecological risk that air pollutants pose for coniferous forests requires approaches that exploit existing databases, environmental monitoring of air pollutants and forest resources, experiments with well-defined airmore » pollution treatments and environmental control/monitoring, modeling, predicting air pollution-caused changes in productivity and ecological processes over time and space, and integration of social values.« less

Abstract: A sediment core from Southampton Water, a coastal plain estuary, has been investigated and is shown to provide a record of pollution following the expansion of the Fawley oil refinery in 1949-1951. A combination of heavy metal analyses, the first appearance of hydrocarbon contamination, radiometric dating, and stable Pb isotope ratios have been used to interpret the pollution history in the core. Indications are that following dredging activities, accompanying the refinery expansion, there was a relatively rapid sedimentation rate of ca. 20 mm p.a., which decreased with time to approximately 5 mm p.a. The higher accumulation rate is attributed to the response of the estuary following the major capital dredging works that occurred in 1950-1951. The accumulation rates are used to recalculate concentration profiles to reveal the heavy metal flux to the sediments. Lead isotope data indicate a significant post-1950 use of lead derived from ancient, non-U.K. (Precambrian) ores in local industry.

Abstract: Metals are naturally occurring in nature. In receiving water bodies, metals can originate both from natural and anthropogenic sources. Thirteen metals and metalloids have been recognized as potentially hazardous to man's health and aquatic biota and have been included on the Priority Pollutants List (Black List) by environmental control agencies throughout the world.

Abstract: Groundwater samples collected from both open and bore wells in an area of about 270 km2 from Madras City, India, have been analyzed for major ions (HCO3, Cl, Si, Na, Ca, and Mg) and trace elements (As, Se, B, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni, Mo, and Ba). The study reveals that the quality of potable water has deteriorated to a large extent. Seawater intrusion into the aquifer has been observed in nearly 50 percent of the study area. The toxic elements (As and Se) have already exceeded the maximum permissible limits of drinking water in almost the entire city. A positive correlation of As and Se with other toxic metals such as V, Cr, Fe, B, etc., indicates that all these elements are anthropogenic in origin. Applying multivariate analysis, the source for trace elements in groundwater has been grouped into two major factors: pollution and mobilization factors. The groundwater in the study area is largely contaminated by organic effluents and reflects the intensity of pollution caused by the overlying soil sediment and rapid infiltration of the pollutants.

Abstract: Monte Carlo-Assisted Factor Analysis has been applied to a data set of trace element concentrations in samples of the moss species Pleurozium schreberi, collected in 1992 from 66 locations in the Netherlands. A Monte Carlo approach was used to give more insight in the uncertainties and significance levels of the factor analysis results. Using a selection of 23 elements, factor analysis enabled the identification of 8 significant pollution source types. Two source types were assumed to be related to the influence of foliar leaching from higher plants. The remaining source types were found to correspond with the major source types obtained in earlier biomonitoring surveys in the Netherlands using lichen and bark, i.e. crustal material, sea aerosol and various types of industrial pollution sources, associated with metallurgical industries, refuse incineration and oil combustion or processing of oil products. The contribution of the industrial pollution sources appeared to have decreased between 1987 and 1992.

Abstract: Rationale for Attainment of Zero Pollution. Economics of Zero Pollution. Waste Minimization by Reuse Recovery. Waste Minimization by Recovery and External Sale of Products. Environmentally Balanced Industrial Complexes: An Innovative Solution to Attain Zero Pollution. Summary. Index.

Abstract: This paper discusses the role of the taxation of road transport in encouraging air pollution abatement Three main policy options are discussed: increases in the average level of motor fuel taxes, tax differentiation as between different motor fuels or classes of vehicle, and the tax treatment of complements or substitutes to vehicles which cause pollution (A)

Abstract: Environment and human influence. Atmospheric pollution: components, mechanisms, control and remediation. Water pollution. Bioremediation: a practical sollution to land pollution. The economics of pollution. Introduction to clean technology. Agricultural and pharmaceutical chemicals. Plastics. Clean technology in the food industry. Clean synthesis. Clean energy supply and use. Index.