Abstract: 1. Introduction.- Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies.- References.- 2. Arsenic.- Chemistry.- Production, Uses, and Discharges.- Arsenic in Aquatic Systems.- Transformations.- Residues.- Toxicity.- References.- 3. Cadmium.- Chemistry.- Production, Uses, and Discharges.- Cadmium in Aquatic Systems.- Residues.- Toxicity.- References.- 4. Chromium.- Chemistry.- Production, Uses, and Discharges.- Chromium in Aquatic Systems.- Residues.- Toxicity.- References.- 5. Copper.- Chemistry.- Production, Uses, and Discharges.- Copper in Aquatic Systems.- Residues.- Toxicity.- References.- 6. Lead.- Chemistry.- Production, Uses, and Discharges.- Lead in Aquatic Systems.- Transformations.- Residues.- Toxicity.- References.- 7. Mercury.- Chemistry.- Production, Uses, and Discharges.- Mercury in Aquatic Systems.- Transformations.- Residues.- Toxicity.- References.- 8. Nickel.- Chemistry.- Production, Uses, and Discharges.- Nickel in Aquatic Systems.- Residues.- Toxicity.- References.- 9. Zinc.- Chemistry.- Production, Uses, and Discharges.- Zinc in Aquatic Systems.- Residues.- Toxicity.- References.- 10. Impact of Heavy Metals in Natural Waters.- Physico-Chemical Impact.- Biological Impact.- References.- 11. Monitoring and Impact Assessment Approaches.- Chemical Criteria.- Biological Criteria.- References.- 12. Politics and the Environmental Manager.- Principles.- Methods.- Summary.- Appendices.- A. Summary of Current Production and Uses of Metals.- B. Physical and Chemical Terms Cited in This Book.- C. Common and Scientific Names of Fish Cited in This Book.

Abstract: Regions of the earth below the root zone of soil have conventionally been considered void of life. However, widespread pollution of ground water in the U.S. by organic compounds has kindled interest in the numbers of microbes that might be found in aquifers and associated regions of the deeper unsaturated zone, and in their ability to degrade organic pollutants. Newly developed techniques in microbial ecology allow the direct enumeration and examination of soil microbes without recourse to their cultivation on growth media. These techniques reduce many uncertainties associated with the use of culture media, such as the growth of contaminants or the failure of indigenous forms to grow on a particular medium. Samples were recovered aseptically from depths of 1·2, 3·0, and 5·0 meters (m) at the margin of a small floodplain near Lula, Oklahoma. Depth to the water table was 3·6 m; depth to bedrock was 6·0 m. Numbers of microbes were surprisingly similar at all three depths (3 to 9 × 106/g dry material). Although both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were encountered, small Gram-positive coccoid forms predominated. No protozoa, yeasts, or other fungi were seen. The indigenous bacteria could rapidly degrade toluene. Chlorobenzene was degraded in material from the vadose zone, while bromodichloromethane was degraded in material from the saturated zone. There was no detectable degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, or tetrachloroethylene.

Abstract: Evidence is presented which shows that widespread dieback and decline of forests in both Europe and North America is caused by short and long-range transport of air pollutants, primarily SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/. A summary of a comprehensive report from West Germany indicating damage to 7.7% of the total forest area is included. (JMT)

Abstract: Annual discharges of organic matter into Tokyo Bay have been estimated to be ∼1.5–6.6×105 tonnes (expressed as carbon) during 1973–761. We report here new findings of alkylbenzene pollution of sediments from the bay and adjacent areas. The pollution level of alkylbenzenes (0.5–1.4 µg per g dry sediment) is comparable with that of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The vertical distribution of alkylbenzenes in a Tokyo Bay sediment indicates that the pollution started around 1960—at the same time as alkylbenzenesulphonates (synthetic detergents) began to be used widely in the Tokyo area. The alkylbenzenes in the sediments are considered to have been carried with alkylbenzenesulphonates.

Abstract: Sediment cores from nine lakes in southern Norway (N) and six in northern New England (NE) were dated by 137Cs, 210Pb and in NE also by pollen, and were analyzed geochemically and for diatoms. Cores from two N and three NE lakes were analyzed for cladocerans. 137Cs dating is unreliable in these lakes, probably due to mobility of Cs in the sediment. In Holmvatn sediment, an up-core increase in Fe, starting ca. 1900, correlates with geochemical indications of decreasing mechanical erosion of soils. Diatoms indicate a lake acidification starting in the 1920’s. We propose that soil Fe was mobilized and runoff acidified by acidic precipitation and/or by soil acidification resulting from vegetational succession following reduced grazing. Even minor land use changes or disturbances in lake watersheds introduce ambiguity to the sedimentary evidence relating to atmospheric influences. Diatom counts from surface sediments in 36 N and 31 NE lakes were regressed against contemporary water pH to obtain coefficients for computing past pH from subsurface counts. Computed decreases of 0.3–0.8 pH units start between 1890 and 1930 in N lakes already acidic (pH 5.0–5.5) before the decrease. These and lesser decreases in other lakes start decades to over a century after the first sedimentary indications of atmospheric heavy metal pollution. It is proposed that the acidification of precipitation accompanied the metal pollution. The delays in lake acidification may be due to buffering by the lakes and watersheds. The magnitude of acidification and heavy metal loading of the lakes parallels air pollution gradients. Shift in cladoceran remains are contemporary with acidification, preceding elimination of fishes.

Abstract: Ecosystem pollution is often discovered too late for preventive measure to be implemented. Papers include the topics of methods and problems of bioindication of air pollution. The participants discussed passive and active biological monitoring, including mapping of natural vegetation (lichens and mosses, for example) and plant exposure. Morphological and microscopical studies, chemical, physiological and biochemical investigations are presented.

Abstract: More than 80% of most individuals' time is spent indoors. With tighter insulation in buildings, pollution concentrations in internal spaces could rise to hazardous levels, the authors say. They look at the dangers posed by cigarette smoke, particle board, cement, and other materials, and by oven exhausts and other sources.

Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDTs (p,p′-DDE +p,p′-DDT) were quantitated in four species of antarctic fish collected around the Japanese Antarctic Research Station during January to December 1981. PCBs ranged between 0.08 and 0.77 ng/g and DDTs from 0.3 to 1.9 ng/g, wet weight basis in whole body homogenates. InPagothenia borchgrevinki, the largest sample (N=21), both classes of chlorinated hydrocarbons increased linearly with body weight. Analysis of PCB isomers and congeners by mass fragmentography showed greater retention of the more highly chlorinated biphenyls in larger specimens. The bottom dwellingTrematomus bernacchii andT. hansoni revealed greater concentrations of highly chlorinated biphenyls than the surface dwellingP. borchgrevinki. In general, the concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in antarctic fish were very low compared to other open ocean water fish reported in the literature; this agreed with atmospheric and hydrospheric concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in antarctic regions where low levels were reported.

Abstract: The evaluation of adverse health effects resulting from exposure to relatively low levels of regulated air pollutants is currently of major concern. The determination of short-term or acute effects is necessary for this evaluation. By using methodology that directly addressed the time series nature of the data, this study investigated acute health effects of daily levels of air pollution in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, using both mortality and morbidity events as the adverse health response to ambient pollution. Health effects were determined using the air quality data for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulates as measured by the Coefficient of Haze from three monitoring stations located within the county. The mortality analysis provided a replication of a previous study performed in the New York area. The analysis was limited to the investigation of same day effects. Results indicated a possible association between heart disease mortality/morbidity and same day particulate levels. No associati...

Abstract: Three years of SO 2 and SO 4 ⁼ measurements (1978-81) at three Norwegian arctic-subarctic stations (70, 74, and 79O N) have been related to air mass trajectories. The average decrease in non-marine SO 4 ⁼-concentrations with increasing latitude was found to agree well with the latitude distribution of direct- or short-path return-flow frequency of trajectories from the Eurasian source area. As expected from rts reactive, short-lived character, average SO 2 -concentrations decreased much more rapidly than the frequency of source trajectories when moving into the arctic. The seasonal variations in sulphur concentrations and source trajectories were less well correlated, best at the southernmost station. From the study of all individual pollution episodes (defined by ≥2 times average sulphur concentrations) we deduced that an increasing fraction of high sulphur levels could be explained by long-path return flow, when moving deeper into the arctic. On Spitsbergen 50% of all pollution episodes occurred during return-flow that had entered the arctic between Novaja Zemlya and the Taymyr peninsula. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1983.tb00028.x

Abstract: Buku ini menyajikan hasil penelitian tentang pencemaran air dan penanganannya yang dibahas dengan cara pandang multi-disiplin. Artikel-artikelnya telah dipilih dari serangkaian materi dari Aquatic Ecology Course yang diselenggarakan di Jawahalal Nehru University dengan bantuan Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, New Delhi. Topik-topik yang termasuk dalam buku ini adalah: Aquatic Ecosystem, The Aquatic Environment, Eutrophication, Energy Flow Through an Aquatic Ecosystem, Water Budgeting and Planning, Pollution of Surface and Ground Waters, Pesticide Pollution of Water, Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environment, Thermal Pollution, Radioactive, Pollution in the Environment, Environmental Impact of Nuclear Industry, Fisheries and Water Pollution, Concepts of Criteria and Purity Standards In water Quality Management, Biological Indicators and Indices of Water Quality, Water Resources Management, Natural Regeneration Capacity of Natural Waters.

Abstract: Respiratory questionnaires (ATS-DLD-78) were administered to 5557 adult women in a rural area of Western Pennsylvania to evaluate the health effects of air pollution resulting from coal combustion. Air pollution data were derived from 17 air quality monitor sites and stratified to define low, medium, and high pollution areas. The means of 4 yr (1975-1978) annual averages for sulfur dioxide in each strata were 62, 66, and 99 micrograms/m3, respectively. Total suspended particulates were not tested as a risk factor because they reflected air pollution from sources other than coal combustion (e.g., agricultural, road dusts). Risks of respiratory symptoms were evaluated in a multiple logistic model that adjusted for several potential confounding factors. The risk of "wheeze most days or nights" in nonsmokers residing in the high and medium pollution areas was 1.58 and 1.26 (P = .02), respectively, relative to residents in the low pollution area. In the subset of residents who had lived in the same location for at least 5 yr, relative risks increased to 1.95 and 1.40 (P less than .01), respectively. An increased risk of grade 3 dyspnea in nonsmokers was associated with sulfur dioxide but did not achieve statistical significance (P = .11), and there was no association of cough or phlegm and air pollution in nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking characteristics were the major determinant of respiratory symptoms in smokers, and no independent association of air pollution was found. This study suggests that wheezing may be associated with ambient exposure to sulfur dioxide in nonsmokers, but no effect of sulfur dioxide on cigarette smokers was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abstract: Indicator organisms of organic pollution in two localities in the Cochin backwaters are identified. The two sites have different sources of pollution, one from retting of coconut husk and the other from discharge of municipal wastes. Paraheteromastus tenuis a capitellid polychaete totally dominated the benthic community of the retting ground maintaining high population densities even during the pre-monsoon season when the adverse effects of pollution are severe. In the area of municipal waste discharge the community was dominated by a spionid worm Prionospio polybranchiata . This selective deposit feeder seems to be favoured by the organic enrichment. The two localities though only a few kilometres apart and with similar nature of pollution, the abiotic regime seems to encourage its own characteristic assemblages and indicators

Abstract: This volume evaluates the impact of solid waste management practices on the quality of human health and the environment. A multidisciplinary group scientists and engineers provides current analysis of both the long-and short-term effects of waste disposal as practiced today. The questions of how wastes should be managed relative to their physiochemical and biological characteristics, and the potential for waste contaminants to move in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are addressed. Special emphasis is placed on identifying the most practical solutions to health and environmental problems associated with the management of wastes from chemical, utility, municipal and emerging energy technologies. Major sections include: Sources and Management of Wastes; Problems in Characterization; Transport and Transformation; Environmental and Health Consequences; Needs and Challenges of Monitoring ; Environmental Control Systems: Techniques and Technology

Abstract: Tubificid worms of the species Pomatothrix hammoniensis with characteristic, but hitherto unknown, deformities are described from four bays and fjords of Lake Vanern, Southern Sweden. These worms are easily recognized, since their chaetae are grotesquely enlarged distally, others are strongly serrated or deeply split, etc. These deformities are clearly associated with pollutants, since the limited areas of the lake in which they occur have long been under severe stress from industrial and municipal wastes, especially from nearby pulp mild and chlor-alkaline industries from which mercury compounds are known to emanate. Lake Vanern belongs to the most mercury-polluted major lakes of the world (Hakansson, 1976) with sediment concentrations of up to 10 000 ng Hg g−1 dry weight (natural back-ground value about 30 ng g−1 dry weight). The Kendall Rank statistical test showed a highly significant correlation (τ = 0.87; S = 14) between the incidence of deformities and mercury deposits in the lake. Zinc and cadmium are also deposited in large concentrations in the lake and there are also a variety of chlorinated organic compounds in the waste water about which we know little at present. It is speculated that synergistic effects between contaminants may be responsible for the deformities. It is likely that the observed deformities are mainly of phenotypic origin, since aberrant young specimens are uncommon.

Abstract: The worth of the data obtained from Mytilus galloprovincialis and Parapenaeus longirostris for the purpose of assessing the extent to which the areas they come from are polluted by heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (PCBs, p,p'DDE, p,p' DDT, p,p'DDD, BHCs, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin), was thoroughly investigated. The work embraced the accuracy of the determinations, the spot and area variability, the overall coefficient of variation, the effect of the season and the size, together with, in the case of P. longirostris, the differences observed in four sections of the Saronikos Gulf, in Greece, the degree of pollution, which was estimated independently by measuring the concentration in the water of nutrients (phosphate, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, silicate) and dissolved oxygen. The study proved the feasibility of employing the organisms as bioindicators of pollution. It also established that the individual variability of response, the season and the size do not cause as much assessment error as the commonly huge temporal fluctuations and the frequent inadequacies of the analytical procedures. A scheme is described for the collection of a truly representative sample.

Abstract: Adsorption sampling on Tenax GC combined with thermal desorption and cold trap injection allows the analysis of 2-500 liters of air as a single sample. The separation by high resolution gas chromatography and electron capture detection reveals a complex pattern of baseline pollution of C1–C4 organohalogens in clean continental and marine air. Air samples from the Azores and from the Madeira Archipelago— above and below the trade-wind inversion—give similar patterns of pollution.