Abstract: This study examines the association between pollution disclosures and pollution performance and between pollution disclosures and economic performance for firms in highly polluting industries. An index of pollution disclosures is developed and correlated with indices of pollution performance and economic performance. The results confirm earlier findings that there is no association between pollution disclosures and pollution performance. As far as the association between economic performance and pollution disclosures is concerned, the results show that the subgroup of large firms with poor economic performance provides the most detailed pollution information. For smaller firms there is no association between economic performance and pollution disclosures.

Abstract: The National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) was set up to determine more accurately crop loss from ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. The NCLAN consists of a group of government and nongovernment organizations cooperating in field work, crop production modeling, and economic studies to assess the immediate and long-term economic consequences of the effects of air pollution on crop production. The program will define the relationships between yields of major agricultural crops and doses of O/sub 3/, SO/sub 2/, NO/sub 2/ and their mixtures. These relationships will be used to assess the primary economic consequences of the exposure of agricultural crops to these pollutants. The program is also designed to advance the understanding of cause-effect relationships with the intent of developing simulation models. These nationally-coordinated field studies are designed to provide crop dose-response data that are as free of artifact as is currently possible using state-of-the-art technology. The basic exposure technique utilizes open-top chambers. These chambers have been well tested and permit control of gas(es) around the plant canopy, allowing specific pollution regimes to be imposed on experimental plants. (JMT)

Abstract: Biological indicators of natural orebodies: geobotanical and biogeochemical prospecting for heavy metal deposits the use of vegetation for monitoring airborne heavy metal deposition plants as monitors of soil contamination the use of terrestrial animals as monitors and indicators of environmental contamination by heavy metals the use of imported biological materials as monitoring agents retrospective and historical monitoring biological monitoring in perspective

Abstract: Air and Water Pollution Control: A Benefit-Cost Assessment,by A. Myrick Freeman, Jr. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1982, 186 pp. Price: $26.00. The book is an overview of the state of the art of environmental benefit measurement, based on a synthesis of the literature through 1981. This overview is combined with a clear, nontechnical explanation of the principles and methods of benefit measurement, and of the relevant characteristics of areas of application (air and water quality). Major empirical studies are summarized and responsibly critiqued. Freeman's synthesis includes several consensual, "best judgment" estimates of the actual benefits which air and water pollution control programs can produce. These estimates are compared with the annual costs of pollution control programs, illustrating the uses and limitations in these cases of benefit-cost analysis. The book is an accessible and authoritative summary of what is known of the benefits of environmental improvement.

Abstract: A history of air pollution in the United States is presented. The history ends with the 1977 Clean Air Act. The major individuals who have played a role in American smoke abatement and air pollution control are detailed, along with the development of air pollution control legislation. (JMT)

Abstract: A project was embarked on to determine the relationship of hydrocarbon load to both total rainfall and land, and to measure the concentration of hydrocarbons and SS in runoff as a function of time during a storm. With this data, it would be possible to calculate the loading of hydrocarbons in runoff into Narragansett Bay and to provide relationships that could be useful in predictive models for application to other locations. This paper presents data from the results of studies at one land use area, a commercial shopping mall.

Abstract: Shows how to evaluate and control the indoor air pollution and health hazards caused by reduced ventilation, energy saving measures, and other factors. Presents state-of-the-art information on indoor pollution hazards, including the chemicals and chemical compounds commonly found in indoor air pollution, their sources and health effects. Also discusses methods for measuring indoor air pollutants, predictive models, and methods for attaining and maintaining optimal indoor air quality. Emphasizes the indoor air environment of domestic and public buildings, but offers techniques applicable to any indoor space.

Abstract: Concentrations of lead, ^(210)Pb, and ^(210)Po were measured in rain selected for least influence by local sources of contamination at several tropical and subtropical islands (Enewetak; Pigeon Key, Florida; and American Samoa) and shipboard stations (near Bermuda and Tahiti). Ratios expressed as ng Pb/dpm ^(210)Pb in rain were 250–900 for Pigeon Key (assuming 12% adsorption for ^(210)Pb and no adsorption for lead), depending on whether the air masses containing the analyzed rain came from the Caribbean or from the continent, respectively; about 390 for the northern Sargasso Sea downwind from emissions of industrial lead in North America; 65 for Enewetak, remote from continental emissions of industrial lead in the northern hemisphere; and 14 near Tahiti, a remote location in the southern hemisphere where industrial lead emissions to the atmosphere are much less than in the northern hemisphere. (The American Samoa sample yielded a higher ratio than Tahiti; the reason for this is not clear but may be due to local Pb sources.) The corresponding fluxes of lead to the oceans, based on measured or modeled ^(210)Pb precipitation fluxes, are about 4 ng Pb/cm^2y for Tahiti, 10 for Enewetak, and 270 for the Sargasso Sea site, and between 110 to 390 at Pigeon Key.

Abstract: Source locations and an estimate of the magnitude of contaminant inputs to the Hudson-Raritan Estuary are presented. The relative contribution of the various sources is indicated and data gaps are identified. Six sources of contaminant inputs were evaluated: nontidal tributary, municipal and industrial wastewater, atmospheric, urban runoff, accidental spills, and landfill leachate. The latter five sources were evaluated downstream of the tributary water quality stations, since sources above these points are reflected in the tributary inputs. In addition to flow or volume for each source, data on concentrations of conventional pollutants (solids, organic matter, nutrients, and bacterial indicators), organic toxics, and heavy metals were sought. A large quantity of data was obtained from numerous federal, state, county, and municipal agencies, and private firms. The data were analyzed to obtain average mass loads of specific contaminants into the Hudson-Raritan Estuary.

Abstract: A variety of different approaches have contributed to our increased understanding of sediment microbiology, and this book reflects the diversity of approach. Sediments are first introduced as microbial environments with subsequent chapters reviewing a number of major topics, with reference to their authors' own work. The use of diagenetic models to describe and predict the effect of microbial activity upon vertical exchanges of bio- logically important elements within sediments and between sediment and water, is followed by chapters examining the role of sedimentary microorganisms in the recycling of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur. Other chapters discuss the role of the bottom sediment in the ecology of the lake, the interactions between microorganisms and benthic inver- tebrates and the influence of microorganisms upon the organic geochemistry of recent sediments. This book should permit the newcomer to the field of sediment microbiology to gain an awareness of the current developments and background of the subject. It should also provide all those who are interested in this area, such as marine biologists and ecologists, with an appreciation of the abundance of future research which is required to improve our understanding of this fascinating area of microbial life. This book presents a systematic survey of experimental work on the effects of the major classes of toxicants - heavy metals, transition metals, petroleum compounds, chlorine-containing organic compounds, surfactants and long-lived radionuclides - on the marine environment and on marine life. In particular, emphasis is placed on the synthesis of results from ecological, toxicological and biogeochemical

Abstract: (1982). The New Pollution. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 6-36.

Abstract: This paper presents a method of assessing the state of a river in relation tc macrophytes. Macrophytes can potentially grow in quantity in most lowland and some hill streams, and can be used tc assess those types of pollution which affect these larger plants. The criteria considered important are species diversity, vegetation cover, trophic status, pollution tolerance and physical damage. These are assessed against the vegetation expected in a similar clean stream under traditional management. An eight point index is giver, for this purpose.

Abstract: The incidence of acute respiratory illness in families in Chattanooga, Tennessee was studied in 1972 and 1973 to determine if residents of a formerly high nitrogen dioxide exposure community continued to experience a high incidence of illness after ambient air concentrations of the pollutant had been reduced substantially. Illness data were collected by telephone at 2-wk intervals and illness rates per 100 person weeks of observation were contrasted with air pollution concentrations measured no more than 3.2 km from the home. Data were contrasted by communities designated as high, intermediate, or low pollution exposure. In 1972, higher rates of respiratory illness continued to occur in the designated high pollution area. These were associated with current higher short-term concentrations of nitrogen dioxide even though the long-term mean concentrations of the pollutant were little higher than those in the low pollution area. It was not possible to attribute the excesses in illness to specific pollutants or to specific exposure periods. However, reduction of the illness rate in 1973 associated with a strike at the primary source industry that curtailed nitrogen dioxide pollution in the high exposure community suggested that the short-term exposure may be more important than long-term exposure.

Abstract: The report presents the results of analyses for ten trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in marine surface sediments from Kuwait and discusses the effect of grain size and total organic content on the observed concentrations of these metals. (JMT)

Abstract: The physico-chemical state of estuaries, lagoons - open and closed - and beaches along the coast of Ghana was studied to provide base-line data for the monitoring of pollution. The main sources of pollution were identified as sewage of both industrial and domestic origin and oil in the form of tarballs. Of the 16 lagoons investigated, 12 were found polluted, 2 grossly polluted. The latter, the Korle and Chemu, serve as receptacles of industrial and domestic wastes. The estuaries were generally slightly polluted or clean . Sewage pollution of beaches was usually associated with high population areas.

Abstract: The federal program to regulate air pollutant emissions from mobile sources A¢Â€Â” automobiles, trucks and buses, and motorcycles A¢Â€Â” has been an important part of the federal governmentA¢Â€Â™s overall strategy for reducing air pollution in the United States.A‚ This monograph reviews the federal mobile source program and analyzes its current provisions.

Abstract: During land treatment of wastewater, significant amounts of heavy metals may be introduced into the soil system. Chemical forms of the deposited metal elements would affect their reactivities and pollution potential in the environment. Attempts were made to fractionate heavy metals in the soil using three established chemical extraction procedures. Based on metal recovery efficiencies, a sequential extraction procedure was adopted to partition heavy metals in the soils of a long-term cropland wastewater disposal site near Santiago, Chile. Results indicated consistently higher metal recovery percentages in the wastewater-affected soils. Although considerable amounts of heavy metals in the wastewater were chemically soluble, exchangeable and adsorbed, most of the accumulated metals were present in the soil in organic form (such as Cu) or as inorganic precipitates (such as Zn). The lack of soluble and exchangeable metals in the soil significantly reduces the downward leaching potential of deposited metals. However, the labile nature of the accumulated metal elements would enrich the soil with plant-available heavy metal elements for a long time to come.

Abstract: In the study area, the pollution effect on the foraminiferids is intense, hence highly reliable and measurable. The relative sensitivity of tolerance of the biota is sharply variable and dependent upon the nature of the pollutants discharged. The degree of pollution of this environment can be monitored through delineation of zones of effects of pollution.

Abstract: Soil eroded from slopes and sediment added to stream systems as non-point pollution from a small watershed in southeastern Nebraska were quantified. The watershed studied was within delineation of severely eroded loessial soils. Calculations of soil loss were based on horizonation and clay distribution in eroded pedons as compared to slightly eroded pedons in the same soil series. Thickness and areal extent of soil loss were used to calculate weight and volume of soil moved from the slopes as well as volume and weight of sediment that remained near its source on the landscape. Amount of soil eroded minus that remaining in local storage suggested an amount added from the watershed as non-point sediment pollution in streams. The method described suggests a way in which soil survey mapping units may be characterized in order to quantify the amount of sediment in storage on the landscape and in stream systems due to past erosion of agricultural land.