TL;DR: The most prominent systems theories from the 20th century are reviewed in this chapter and the arguments of complex system theorists is supported who use the term “plectics” instead of the overused and ambiguous “ systems science” and “systems theory”.
Abstract: Summary. The most prominent systems theories from the 20th century are reviewed in this chapter and the arguments of complex system theorists is supported who use the term “plectics” instead of the overused and ambiguous “systems science” and “systems theory”. It is claimed that the measurement of complex systems cannot be separated from their modelling as the boundaries between the specific steps of the scientific method are necessarily blurred. A critical and extended interpretation of the complex system modelling method is provided and the importance of discipline-specific paradigms and their systematic interdisciplinary transfer is proposed.
TL;DR: This paper briefly reviews some of the most prominent systems theories from the 20th century and supports the arguments of Murray Gell-Mann who proposed the use of "plectics" instead of the overused and ambiguous " systems science" and "systems theories" terms.
Abstract: This paper briefly reviews some of the most prominent systems theories from the 20th century and supports the arguments of Murray Gell-Mann who proposed the use of "plectics" instead of the overused and ambiguous "systems science" and "systems theories" terms. It is claimed that measurement of complex systems is essentially a modeling task as the boundaries between the specific steps of the scientific method are necessarily blurred. A critical and extended interpretation of the scientific method, systems modeling and addressing the difficulty of teaching systems science-related disciplines completes the arguments for an integrated, truly systemic view of this field.