Planck–Einstein relation

Abstract: Using Pearson correlation coefficient a statistical analysis of Duane-Hunt and Kulenkampff's measurement results was performed. This analysis reveals that empirically based Duane-Hunt's law is not entirely consistent with the measurement data. The author has theoretically found the action of electromagnetic oscillators, which corresponds to Planck's constant, and also has found an alternative law based on the classical theory. Using the same statistical method, this alternative law is likewise tested, and it is proved that the alternative law is completely in accordance with the measurements. The alternative law gives a relativistic expression for the energy of electromagnetic wave emitted or absorbed by atoms and proves that the empirically derived Planck-Einstein's expression is only valid for relatively low frequencies. Wave equation, which is similar to the Schrodinger equation, and wavelength of the standing electromagnetic wave are also established by the author's analysis. For a relatively low energy this wavelength becomes equal to the de Broglie wavelength. Without any quantum conditions, the author made a formula similar to the Rydberg's formula, which can be applied to the all known atoms, neutrons and some hyperons.

Abstract: A given problem in physics can be solved if it is well formulated. Well formulated means that it has a bijective correspondence to physical reality. Mass Gap Problem has no bijective correspondence with the physical reality and is that’s why not solvable mathematically. It can be solved physically by the formulation of the photon’s mass accordingly to the Planck-Einstein relation.

Abstract: A given problem in physics can be solved if it is well formulated. Well formulated means that it has a bijective correspondence to physical reality. Mass Gap Problem has no bijective correspondence with the physical reality and is that’s why not solvable mathematically. It can be solved in the frame of quantum mechanics by the formulation of the photon’s mass accordingly to the Planck-Einstein relation.

Abstract: In this paper a possible analytical demonstration of Planck's Law for the spectral distribution of the electromagnetic energy radiated by hot bodies is presented, but in this case, the solutions of Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic radiation problem of Hertz’s dipole are used. The concepts of quantum energy and of photon are redefined from the classical point of view, relating them to the possible electronic nature of electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic field in general. Both the physical analysis and the concepts proposed respect the law of conservation of energy and allow to finally express the quantic constant, which is obtained here as a perfect combination of other fundamental constants of nature. The classic interpretation of the law obtained could be considered as the meeting point between Classical Physics and Quantum Mechanics, which suggests a new review of the theoretical basis of the latter is needed.