Phryma

Abstract: Chloroplast trnL/F and nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS sequence data were used to analyze phylogenetic relationships among members of tribe Mimuleae (Scrophulariaceae) and other closely related families in Lamiales. The results of these analyses led to the following conclusions. (1) The Australian genera Glossostigma and Peplidium and the taxonomically isolated Phryma join four genera of tribe Mimuleae to form a well-supported clade that is distinct from other families in the Lamiales. We refer to that clade as the subfamily Phrymoideae. (2) The genera Mazus and Lancea (tribe Mimuleae) together form a well-supported clade that we recognize as the subfamily Mazoideae. Mazoideae is weakly supported as sister to Phrymoideae. We assign Mazoideae and Phrymoideae to a redefined family Phrymaceae. (3)Mimulus is not monophyletic, because members of at least six other genera have been derived from within it. In light of the molecular evidence, it is clear that species of Phrymaceae (about 190 species) have undergone two geographically distinct radiations; one in western North America (about 130 species) and another in Australia (about 30 species). Phylogenetic interpretations of morphological evolution and biogeographical patterns are discussed.

Abstract: Eastern Asian-eastern North American disjuncts in four genera were examined for allozyme divergence and sequence divergence of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The disjunct pairs of taxa include Caulophyllum robustum-C. thalictroides, Menispermum dauricum-M. canadense, Penthorum chinense-P. sedoides, and Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica-P. Ieptostachya var. leptostachya. Allozyme divergence was comparable in Caulophyllurm and Penthorum (genetic identities of 0.534 and 0.546) and was considerably higher than between pairs of taxa in Menispermum (0.273) and Phryma (0.291). Caulophyllum and Penthorum, which have the highest genetic identities at allozyme loci, also have low ITS sequence divergences (1.30 and 1.65%, respectively). Phryma, which has low isozyme identity, also has the highest ITS sequence divergence (4.46%). The two taxa of Menispermum have low ITS sequence divergence (0.93%) despite having a low identity (0.273) at allozyme loci. The results suggest that divergence between the taxa in the four genera are not the result of a single historical event. Estimated divergence times are reasonably consistent with a late Miocene disjunction for Caulophyllum and Penthorum, whereas the age of the Phryma disjunction is calculated at over 20 million years. The nonconcordant divergences between allozymes and ITS sequences in Menispermum may be caused by concerted evolution in the latter or possibly longer generation time in the woody plants. Additional molecular data are needed to clarify the situation.

Abstract: Haedoxan A, a new insecticidal sesquilignan, was isolated from the root of Hae-doku-sou, Phryma leptostachya L., and the structure was elucidated as a 1-hydroxy-2-[(2,6-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy...

Abstract: A novel lignan, named phrymarolin-I, has been isolated from Phryma leptostachya L. The structure (I) for phrymarolin-I represents the first example of a lignan characterized by a l,2-dioxygenated-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane ring. Its stereochemistry was determined from NMR spectra.