TL;DR: Characters of external morphology of Melanostomiidae fishes of genus Photonectes are critically analyzed and three new species are described: P. distichodon, P. filipendulus, and P. xenopogon spp.
Abstract: Characters of external morphology of Melanostomiidae fishes of genus Photonectes are critically analyzed. The features previously used to distinguish the subgenera are shown to be unfit for these purposes. Existence of only two decisively diagnosed subgenera is proven within the genus, Trachinostomias and Photonectes s. str., for which the revised diagnoses are given based on the new set of characters. Species P. uncinatus is moved from subgenus Trachinostomias to the nominative subgenus. Reasons for the separation of groups of species within the nominative subgenus and the phylogenetic relationships between these groups are briefly discussed. Three new species are described: P. distichodon, P. filipendulus, and P. xenopogon spp. n. Distinguishing features of another new species that is not yet described due to the lack of data are presented. The key for identification of all known species of the genus is presented.
TL;DR: The subgeneric structure of the genus Photonectes is discussed, the variability was studied, the morphological description of P. margarita is given, and new species P. gorodinskii and P. uncinatus spp.
Abstract: The subgeneric structure of the genus Photonectes is discussed. It is considered reasonable to distinguish only two subgenera (Photonectes s. str. and Trachinostomias), whereas subgenera Dolichostomias and Melanonectes are proposed to be combined with the nominotypical subgenus. The variability was studied, the morphological description of P. margarita is given, and new species P. gorodinskii and P. uncinatus spp. n. are described. The existence of yet another undescribed species close to P. margarita and P. gorodinskii is assumed. A key to subgenera of Photonectes and known species of Trachinostomias is provided.
Abstract: Photonectes venetaenia sp. n., which differs from the closely related species by the pattern of blue luminous tissue on the body, the barbel with a short stem but a long filament, and other traits, was described from the equatorial waters of the western Pacific Ocean.