Phaseolus

Abstract: Evidence for genetic diversity in cultivated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is reviewed. Multivariate statistical analyses of morphological, agronomic, and molecular data, as well as other available information on Latin American landraces representing various geographical and ecological regions of their primary centers of domestications in the Americas, reveal the existence of two major groups of germplasm: Middle American and Andean South American, which could be further divided into six races. Three races originated in Middle America (races Durango, Jalisco, and Mesoamerica) and three in Andean South America (races Chile, Nueva Granada, and Peru). Their distinctive characteristics and their relationships with previously reported gene pools are discussed.

Abstract: Plants, Crops, and Growth Environment: Nutrient Uptake by Plants Plant Water Relationships Current Perspectives in Water Loss from Plants and Stomatal Action Physiology of Plant/Crop Growth and Developmental Stages: Germination and Emergence Cell Cycle Control in Plants Vegetative and Elongation Growth Stages Ecophysiological Aspects of the Vegetative Propagation of Salt-bush (Atriplex spp) and Mulberry (Morus spp). Plant Growth Regulators - The Natural Hormones (Growth Promoters and Inhibitors) Physiological Responses of Plants and Crops Under Stressful (Salt, Drought, and Other Environmental Stress) Conditions: Physiological Adaptation of Plants to Environmental Stresses Adaptive Components of Salt Tolerance Photosynthesis In Plant/Crops Under Water and Salt Stress Physiological Mechanisms of Nitrogen Absorption and Assimilation in Plants Under Stressful Conditions. Physiology of Lower-Plant Genetics and Development: Developmental Genetics In Lower Plants. Physiology of Higher-Plant/Crop Genetics and Development: Transpiration Efficiency - Avenues for Genetic lmprovement, Physiological Mechanisms Relevant to Genetic Improvement of Salinity Tolerance in Crop Plants. Whole Plant vs Reductive Research on Physiological Genetics of Crop Physiology: Whole-System Research Complements Reductive Research, AMMI Statistical Model and Interaction Analysis, Photoperiod x Temperature Interaction Effects on the Days to Flowering of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotype, Temperature and Genotype x Temperature Interaction Effects on Yield of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Control of Days to Flowering of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) by Interaction of a Photoperiod Gene and a Non-photoperiod Gene. Physiological Aspects of Sustainable Plant/Crop Production: Sustainable Primary Production - Green Crop Fractionation: Effects of Species, Growth Conditions, and Physiological Development of Fractionation Products. (Part Contents).

Abstract: Because of their insolubility in water, nanoparticles have a limitation concerning toxicity experiments. The present study demonstrated a plant agar test for homogeneous exposure of nanoparticles to plant species. The effect of Cu nanoparticles on the growth of a plant seedling was studied, and bioaccumulation of nanoparticles was investigated. All tests were conducted in plant agar media to prevent precipitation of water-insoluble nanoparticles in test units. The plant species were Phaseolus radiatus (mung bean) and Triticum aestivum (wheat). Growth inhibition of a seedling exposed to different concentrations of Cu nanoparticles was examined. Copper nanoparticles were toxic to both plants and also were bioavailable. The 2-d median effective concentrations for P. radiatus and T. aestivum exposed to Cu nanoparticles were 335 (95% confidence level, 251-447) and 570 (450-722) mg/L, respectively. Phaseolus radiatus was more sensitive than T. aestivum to Cu nanoparticles. A cupric ion released from Cu nanoparticles had negligible effects in the concentration ranges of the present study, and the apparent toxicity clearly resulted from Cu nanoparticles. Bioaccumulation increased with increasing concentration of Cu nanoparticles, and agglomeration of particles was observed in the cells using transmission-electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The present study demonstrated that the plant agar test was a good protocol for testing the phytotoxicity of nanoparticles, which are hardly water soluble.