Abstract: In this study, integration of various Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system applications into the Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) platforms are explored in terms of navigation and surveillance in civilian air traffic and national air space management operations. In the first section, UAV systems are introduced and in the second part ADS-B systems are explained. In the final section how ADS-B provides navigation and surveillance for UAV systems in civil airspace management integrations are performed is explained.

Abstract: A method of displaying navigation limits for a planned travel route of a vehicle is presented here. The method calculates estimated navigation limits for the vehicle using an onboard subsystem of the vehicle, where the estimated navigation limits represent self-assessed navigation accuracy of the vehicle relative to the planned travel route. Contracted navigation limits are acquired for the vehicle, where the contracted navigation limits represent specified navigation accuracy of the vehicle, relative to the planned travel route, as mandated by a third party navigation controller. A navigation display is rendered on an onboard display element such that it includes graphical representations of the planned travel route, at least one of the estimated navigation limits, and at least one of the contracted navigation limits.

Abstract: In this paper, we propose to apply the future L-band digital aeronautical communication system not only for communications but also for navigation purposes. In particular, the future communication system might be used as alternative positioning, navigation, and timing means in case other navigation means, e.g. satellite based navigation, are temporally not available due to intentional or unintentional interference. The approach how navigation is achieved using the future communication system is described and first results about the feasibility of this approach are presented. The accuracy of the aircraft positioning estimates turns out to be in the order of 1 to 100 m, depending on the number and geographic distribution of the ground stations used for determining the underlying ranging estimates. Considering the horizontal aircraft position only, an even higher accuracy is achieved, since the ground stations are located at comparable altitude leading to a dominant position error in the vertical component. These promising first results lead to the conclusion that navigation with the future communication system is a very interesting approach for the alternative positioning, navigation, and timing system required as fallback solution for satellite-based navigation.

Abstract: The differences in performance of various manufacturers' Flight Management Systems (FMSs) and their associated Flight Management Computers (FMCs) have the potential for significant operational impact on the air traffic control system and as such require continuous examination. While Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) procedures and routes are designed according to criteria contained in Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) orders, FMC manufacturers design their systems in accordance with Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) and Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for area navigation systems, Technical Standard Orders and Advisory Circulars. It is anticipated that the resulting performance of the aircraft FMC will meet the procedure design requirements identified in the FAA criteria. The resulting variation however has posed a challenge for the criteria development and Air Traffic operations. A goal of this paper is to provide supporting data for the development of instrument flight procedures where aircraft operations meet expectations for repeatability and predictability to levels of performance sufficient to support Performance-based Navigation (PBN) worldwide and specifically in the National Airspace System (NAS) and the Next Generation (NextGen) environment. Sometimes, due to the nearly independent development of procedure design criteria and aircraft performance standards, the paths of various aircraft on the same procedure do not overlap and do not match the intent of the procedure designer. This paper is a continuation of five studies, beginning in 2006, (all presented at previous Digital Avionics System Conferences) with the basic title of Analysis of Advanced Flight Management Systems (FMSs), FMC Field Observations Trials. They have shown that these differences may result from any or all of the following: variations in FMC equipment installed on the aircraft; variations and errors in procedure coding in the FMC navigation database; variations in aircraft to FMC interface and associated aircraft performance capabilities; and variations in flight crew training and procedures. The hypothesis of this paper is that the FMCs built by the major avionics manufacturers and installed as the core of the FMC/FMS combinations in various airframe platforms will perform differently with respect to the construction and execution of holding patterns. The paper will attempt to identify and quantify those differences. As airspace becomes more complex, the use of RNAV and RNP holding patterns will become increasingly more important as a tool to reduce the size of holding protected areas. Today, there are no FAA criteria for RNP holding and there are many questions unanswered about RNAV holding. Some of these questions relate to how FMC's build a holding pattern path, how they compute holding pattern entries, how the FMC computes holding pattern time, and how they determine miles from the holding fix for a Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) hold. Controlled field observations trials were completed using fourteen FMC avionics test benches at seven major FMC manufacturers and two high fidelity flight simulators at a major airline. This year's analysis of holding patterns follows The MITRE Corporation's previous analyses of FMC lateral navigation (LNAV), vertical navigation (VNAV), radius-to-fix (RF) path conformance, lateral and vertical path integration and RNAV off the ground Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs). The intent of this report is to contribute data, analysis, conclusions and recommendations to industry and the FAA that may influence criteria development to enhance RNAV and RNP operations.

Abstract: Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) arose from the need to provide continuity, availability, integrity and accuracy of global positioning signals to eliminate errors and compensate for discrepancies associated with GPS signals and other navigation systems. The NIGCOMSAT-1R Project is the insurance replacement of the NIGCOMSAT-1 satellite, which was de-orbited on 10th of November 2008 due to an irreparable single point of failure on-board the satellite. The NigComSat-1R Navigation (L-band) payload is a Space Based Augmentation System meant to provide a Navigation Overlay Service (NOS) similar to the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS). The paper seeks to examine some of humankind's triumphs in navigation, from mechanical clocks to the critical role that Space-Borne Oscillators play in improving Performance of Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems and the strategic role of NIGCOMSAT-1R, the nascent African contribution to the Global Navigation Satellite System.

Abstract: In the complex lower airspace embraced by mountain, Global Positioning System can't take action because navigation signals are easily shaded by barriers. Signals of opportunity (SOOP), i.e. other RF signals in airspace, can be used for positioning to improve availability. In this paper, for alternative TV, Cellular, WiFi, RFID, aviation data link besides GPS, physical advantages and disadvantages are analyzed, including their application. Based on requirements for complex lower airspace, proper SOOP are chosen. Navigation positioning methods of SOOP is presented, such as TDOA (time difference of arrival), AOA (angle of arrival) and RSS (ranging signal strength). Then the positioning manners can be confirmed according to the complex lower airspace. Lastly, problems for SOOP in complex lower airspace are concluded.

Abstract: The CNS/ATM concept envisages reliance on global satellite navigation systems to underpin future air traffic management that is able to cope with the ever-increasing demand for air travel without jeopardising safety and the environment. In order to benefit from GNSS, it is crucial that the navigation performance required of air navigation systems is derived and agreed, based on sound principles. Significant work has been undertaken to date and agreement reached on the navigation requirements for the phases of flight up to Category I (CAT-I) precision approach, and proposals are under discussion for CAT-III precision approach. This paper completes a typical flight profile by addressing airport surface movement, and proposing the requirements based on operational requirements for each airport category, to support operations in zero visibility conditions. The benefits of the approach taken in the derivation of the requirements are discussed relative to the existing navigation requirements.

Abstract: Air transportation system authorities throughout the world are becoming increasingly focused on improving the efficiency of air operations to enhance the safety and capacity of their systems and also respond to environmental concerns, all while meeting the demands of the increasingly large traveling public. A critical component to improving efficiencies within air transportation systems is the implementation of a performance-based navigation (PBN) concept. That concept leverages the navigation and performance capabilities of the aircraft by structuring the airspace such that the aircraft can maneuver efficiently with minimal fuel expenditure from takeoff to landing. The US Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) and Europe's Single European Sky Air Traffic Management (ATM) Research Initiative (SESAR) are focused on a PBN design for future airspace operations. One key element of those future airspace designs is a specific aircraft navigation capability that allows the aircraft to traverse over the ground on a fixed ground path consistently, predictably, and reliably while turning. That capability is referred to as a “Constant Radius ARC to a Fix (RF) navigation leg. When incorporated into an instrument procedure design, the RF leg is used by the aircraft's flight management computer system (FMS) to consistently fly the turn over the same ground track. This accommodates avoidance of environmentally sensitive areas or other restricted airspace and also provides for the flexibility to shorten the time and miles traveled by the aircraft thus reducing fuel burn and emissions. Over the past few years, the RF leg has been available only to specially qualified operators and aircraft. However, recent innovative action by the FAA and its aviation industry partners are promoting the RF leg for incorporation into public instrument procedure designs so that all segments of the industry can take advantage of the operational enhancements realized by instrument procedures containing the flexible RF leg. This paper describes the RF leg, how it can be implemented into instrument procedure designs for use by the aircraft navigation systems and the benefits to current and future air transportation systems when it is made available to all aviation segments.

Abstract: This study considers an approach to planning navigation determinations of airspace and missile objects in the course of preparing for and carrying out an active flight test in an automated flight test control system. The approach is based on special information and mathematical software. The performance indices of the navigation determination subsystem are studied. Results of simulated modeling are provided.

Abstract: The advent of radar surveillance over half a century ago enabled numerous Air Traffic Control (ATC) standards that continue to be in use today to safely separate aircraft. In the case of departure operations, the discrete increase of spacing requirements that applies when transitioning from terminal to en route control hampers Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) goals of improving operational efficiencies. This paper proposes the concept of the Established-on-Departure Operation, or EDO, standard that capitalizes on improved navigational precision of Performance Based Navigation (PBN) operations. The concept incorporates current diverging procedures permitted in the terminal area as well as the concept of reduced divergence. The paper describes the requirements for its application and presents the analysis carried out to extend the applicability of a previously proposed standard for reduced-divergence operations. For Area Navigation (RNAV) Standard Instrument Departure (SID) operations, the analysis conservatively quantified a reduced divergence angle of 9 degrees, a 40-percent reduction in angular divergence when compared to today's 15-degree requirement. In order to illustrate implementation examples and estimate potential benefits, the concepts were applied to the RNAV SID structure at The Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL). For ATL alone, the estimates show a potential annual benefit of approximately $1.6 million per year. The standard concepts offer a suite of additional procedure design options not currently available to better accommodate airspace constraints and to increase the efficiency of departure operations transitioning from terminal to en route control.

Abstract: New advanced four dimensional trajectory (4DT) procedures under consideration for the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) require an aircraft to precisely navigate relative to a moving reference such as another aircraft. Examples are Self-Separation for enroute operations and Interval Management for in-trail and merging operations. The current construct of Required Navigation Performance (RNP), defined for fixed-reference-frame navigation, is not sufficiently specified to be applicable to defining performance levels of such air-to-air procedures. An extension of RNP to air-to-air navigation would enable these advanced procedures to be implemented with a specified level of performance. The objective of this research effort was to propose new 4D Dynamic RNP constructs that account for the dynamic spatial and temporal nature of Interval Management and Self-Separation, develop mathematical models of the Dynamic RNP constructs, "Required Self-Separation Performance" and "Required Interval Management Performance," and to analyze the performance characteristics of these air-to-air procedures using the newly developed models. This final report summarizes the activities led by Raytheon, in collaboration with GE Aviation and SAIC, and presents the results from this research effort to expand the RNP concept to a dynamic 4D frame of reference.

Abstract: The surveillance data sources for the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) provided by airborne navigation systems have crucial effect on ADS-B surveillance performance Based on the accuracy and integrity quality evaluation indexes of ADS-B navigation data and the global positioning system (GPS), this paper makes a thorough research on the availability of ADS-B navigation data source, the factors related to accuracy and integrity of ADS-B are derived and simulated, which include the position estimated uncertainty (EPU) and horizontal position integrity containing radius (Rc), and it is the first to give the quality index category of the ADS-B horizontal data source in Tianjin The simulation results show that the navigation accuracy category for position (NACp) and navigation integrity category (NIC) meet the lowest requirements recommended by the civil aviation administration of China (CAAC) in the probability of 100% and 9965% respectively for the ADS-B navigation data in Tianjin The results derived from this paper provide the theoretic support for the implementation of ADS-B in Tianjin Binhai international airport and other areas of China

Abstract: The method involves scanning position information along a track by a navigation system (110). The additional information is determined from route information in a memory card (130) of the navigation system based on the position information. The additional information is transmitted from the navigation system directly to another navigation system (160) for improving the planning in the area of the route by another navigation system. Independent claims are included for the following: (1) computer program product for improving route planning of navigation system; and (2) navigation system.

Abstract: The invention relates to an onboard navigation system for an aircraft ( 10 ), particularly a navigation system for a helicopter and to a method of operating such a navigation system allowing improvement of safety of an aircraft and its crew.

Abstract: Leg types, also known as path terminators, are used in aircraft navigation to define paths as routes for RNAV equipped aircraft. Many leg types are specifically defined to cause the Area Navigation (RNAV) system to emulate the actions that an aircrew would take when flying the route manually based on the text and other depictions on the chart. Some emulate magnetic headings or courses, which, for various reasons, can lead to differences between what the procedure designer intended and what the RNAV system displays or flies. Two in particular are in common use individually and in combination, and this paper will explore the potential for unexpected differences in the resulting paths. These two are the heading type (Vx) which may be used where the procedure or airspace designer calls for a heading to some type of termination, and the Course type (Cx) which may be used where designers wish to fix the aircraft path over the ground using a course defined by a navigational aid (NAVAID). Issues arise because of the need to implement magnetic courses and headings in an RNAV system that navigates in a true north reference frame. Given that the Earth's magnetic field orientation varies with location on the Earth (hence true north and magnetic north change relative to each other), changes with time, and that NAVAIDS and runways are marked/oriented in the magnetic reference frame of the time they are surveyed, care must be taken to make the RNAV system emulate the procedure intent; this paper will describe and summarize those cautions and issues.

Abstract: Satellite navigation system is a kind of high precision space-based navigation system,the regional navigation system is gradually replaced by satellite navigation system,the system of navigation and people's production and life would be affected by this change.For studying the technology of satellite navigation and testing the new technology and new ideas of jamming and anti-jamming,the satellite navigation system will be simulated by the high level architecture.Some technologies about navigation will be tested in the simulation system.In order to keep consistent time and reduce the network resources waste,the simulation system takes the appropriate measure of time advanced and data distribute management.

Abstract: • Observations — Implementation of Performance Based Navigation (PBN) procedures enables terminal operations with increased navigational precision • Aim to enable more intensive use of airspace — Key separation standards are largely based on conventional operations and essentially unchanged for the better part of half a century • Increasingly incompatible with higher density terminal operations • Equivalent Lateral Spacing Operation (ELSO) Standard — Capitalizes on navigational precision of PBN operations • Based on navigational performance reflected in surveillance data of actual operations • Enables parallel and reduced-divergence departure operations — Provides departure procedure design options • Better accommodate airspace and environmental constraints • Increase departure efficiency if application enables diverging departure operations • Next steps — Perform operational evaluation of ATL implementation — FAA Document Change Proposals (DCP) • Changes to FAA Order JO 7110.65

Abstract: Based on pseudomeasurements about distance,a new Kalman filter algorithm for the relative navigation of multiple spacecraft formation flying was presented.In the process of the method,the transport capacity and time delay about datalink were analyzed.Moreover,the major error sources were discussed in detail.Under a time synchronization of formation airplane network assumption,the software module of relative navigation was programmed.Simulation results show how these error sources affect the orientation precision of relative navigation,and provide a reference for developing tactics datalink communication and relative navigation system.

Abstract: The basic contents and methods of navigation management are analyzed, which based on FMS. Significance of IRS update is summed up. It makes a study of ground-based navigation positioning accuracy and performance. It summarizes how to control total system error (TSE) during PBN operation. High accuracy character of GPS navigation is validated according to QAR data.

Abstract: Current advances in integrated navigation systems have warranted extensive use of modeling and simulation analysis for design, tuning, and performance assessments. Coupled inertial and navigation satellite systems onboard aerospace vehicles are becoming mainstream in precision navigation. Simulation analyses of autonomous vehicles, including unmanned aircraft, spacecraft, and weapon systems that focus on mission effectiveness, vulnerabilities, or accuracy requires careful modeling of navigation systems including uncertainties in measurements. The models introduced here provide a flexible and detailed modular representation of an integrated navigation system intended for use in system level models or subsystem analyses and trade studies. Models developed include error models of mechanical inertial sensors, inertial navigation solutions, navigation satellite constellations, observable formulations with error budgets, and positioning solutions. In addition to the independent navigation sensors and measurements, integrated solutions are generated with Kalman filters with varying levels of coupling. Optional feedback is available to both the inertial system and navigation satellite system from the integrated filter to calibrate the sensor measurements and provide aiding in the positioning solution, respectively. Fault detection, isolation, and exclusion have also been incorporated into the system, currently as residual error monitoring, a form of receiver autonomous integrity monitoring, in the navigation satellite positioning solution.

Abstract: With the GPS modernization process can move forward and improve the positioning accuracy of the system to expand coverage and improve service continuity, improve system security and anti-jamming, focusing on compatibility and expansion of technology has been applied and implemented In this paper, a new generation of satellite navigation systems for the key technologies and trends to do a detailed analysis, it will be China's development of space-based navigation system providing a realistic basis

Abstract: The coordination between PBN flight procedure design and aerodrome operating conditions (CBPFPDAOC) is related to the utilization of the aerodrome airspace, the medium and long-term flight procedures planning of the aerodrome, the quality and the efficiency of air traffic management and even the safety of aircraft. In practice, the judgment about the CBPFPDAOC is usually made by the experts, based on their specialized domain knowledge and experience. This human-made judgment could be biased and arbitrary. To address this problem, the author did research by applying the knowledge of interval evaluation. According to the features of performance-based navigation (PBN) flight procedures and on the basis of the comprehensive consideration of the many factors on aerodrome operating conditions, the author established a comprehensive evaluation index system about the CBPFPDAOC. Based on the principle of interval evaluation, the author constructed the comprehensive assessment model on the CBPFPDAOC which was based on the determination of the evaluation level. The author gives details of this method in this paper, including constructing an evaluation indicator system, obtaining values of each indicator, building comprehensive evaluation of a mathematical model, and finding a solution of the model, etc. At the last part of this paper, the author presents a numerical example to demonstrate that this method is practical, reasonable, and feasible.

Abstract: This paper describes a Traffic Flow Management stochastic optimization model that exploits increased navigation performance. The model integrates Traffic Flow Management strategies and avionics capabilities for the Next Generation Air Transportation System. It generates Traffic Management Initiatives that are designed to improve National Airspace System performance and considers best-equipped best-served prioritization schemes. This work extends previous approaches by considering Required Navigation Performance levels in the Super-Dense Operations airspace with probabilistic weather scenarios to minimize ground and en route holding delays. The paper also presents results of simulation experiments in which the feasibility of the optimization model was evaluated using several scenarios for a Super-Dense Operations problem around Chicago, including varied demand levels, Required Navigation Performance equipage distributions, and weather scenarios. The results show that without improved navigation performance system delays may increase up to five times with the expected threefold demand growth. Simulations also showed that the majority of delays may be eliminated with improved Required Navigation Performance equipage and Traffic Flow Management algorithms properly exploiting increased navigation performance.

Abstract: In order to meet the requirements of high precision localization in armed helicopter, a DOPPLER/GPS/FOG SINS/Barometric Altimeter integrated navigation system is designed. And adaptive information filter is used to fuse these sensors data. The multi-sensor integrated navigation system is implemented based on the floating point DSP+FPGA embedded navigation computer and modular software architecture. The actual experiments have shown that the integrated navigation system can inhibit the divergence of SINS errors, maintaining smaller error level than SINS/GPS only, especially during long GPS outages. Those prove that this system is effective and practical.

Abstract: The rapid growth of air traffic led to the airspace resources increasingly tense The air freeway is one of the methods to solve air traffic congestion Similar to the ground freeway, on-ramp and off-ramp are the key parts They can lay a huge impact on the main way and there is some risk of collision in the on-ramp The paper describes the basic structure of the air freeway and, on the application of Performance Based Navigation, the structure of the air freeway on-ramp is given By using the cross route events-based collision risk model, collision risk of the on-ramp is also analyzed Its collision risk can reach the ICAO safety target level of lateral separation as long as the aircrafts turn into the air freeway before the latest turning point