TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared three navigation systems: very high frequency omnidirectional range/distance measuring equipment (VOR/DME), ILS, and VOR-DME and + or - 40 MLS.
Abstract: Metering and spacing (M & S) system's algorithms described assume an aircraft two dimensional are navigation capability. The three navigation systems compared were: very high frequency omnidirectional range/distance measuring equipment (VOR/DME) and ILS, VOR/DME and + or - 40 MLS, and VOR/DME and + or - 60 MLS. Other factors studied were M & S tentative schedule point location, route geometry effects, and approach gate location effects. Summarized results are: the MLS offers some improvement over VOR/DME and ILS if all approach routes contain computer assisted turns; pilot reaction to moving the gate closer to the runway threshold may adversely affect M & S performance; and coupling en route metering to terminal scheduling transfers most of the terminal holding to more full efficient, higher altitude en route delay.
TL;DR: The primary thrust of the analysis was to determine the operational capabilities of the various navigation systems currently being certified and the viability of current certification procedures, techniques and accuracy criteria to any advanced navigation system.
Abstract: : This study assessed the availability and applicability of error budget data for avionics certification requirements. The investigation includes a review of data for both station oriented (VOR/DME-RNAV) navigation systems and wide area (Loran-C, Omega and GPS) navigation systems. The primary thrust of the analysis was to determine the operational capabilities of the various navigation systems currently being certified. A secondary objective was to examine the viability of current certification procedures, techniques and accuracy criteria to any advanced navigation system. To accomplish these objectives, a detailed assessment of error budget data, error combination techniques and functional performance standards was performed.