Peco

Abstract: NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Classically, the stimulation of thin-fibre skeletal muscle afferents, via the application of postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO) at rest, fails to generate ventilatory responses. We used a new experimental protocol to examine whether the involvement of these metabosensitive afferents in ventilatory control can only be revealed during exercise, when other potentially synergistic inputs that increase central respiratory drive are activated. What is the main finding and its importance? We found that PECO of one leg augmented the ventilatory and heart rate responses to single-legged exercise of the contralateral leg, suggesting that metaboreceptive muscle afferents contribute to the control of the exercise hyperpnoea. ABSTRACT Inhibition of thin-fibre skeletal muscle afferent neurotransmission attenuates ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to exercise. However, stimulation of muscle metaboreceptive afferents at rest, via postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO), classically fails to generate increases in ventilation or heart rate. It is possible that the involvement of muscle afferent feedback in ventilatory control can only be revealed during exercise, when other potentially synergistic inputs that increase central respiratory drive are activated. Therefore, we assessed the cardiorespiratory responses to single-legged cycling exercise with or without PECO of the contralateral leg. Thirteen healthy participants performed left-legged cycling exercise (40 or 60 W) followed by either: (i) no PECO (Con trial); or (ii) PECO (PECO trial) of the left leg for 3 min. During this 3 min period, right-legged cycling exercise was performed at the same workload as the preceding left-legged exercise (40 or 60 W). During 60 W right-legged cycling, ventilation relative to baseline was significantly higher in the PECO versus Con trial (22.9 ± 2 versus 18.7 ± 1.8 l min-1 ; P < 0.05), but there was no difference between the trials performed at 40 W. The change in heart rate was significantly greater during right-legged cycling in the PECO versus Con trial in the 40 (41.2 ± 4 versus 34.1 ± 3.1 beats min-1 ; P < 0.05) and 60 W trials (49.7 ± 2.7 versus 43.4 ± 3.7 beats min-1 ; P < 0.05). There were no differences in oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production and ratings of perceived exertion between trials. These findings suggest that stimulation of muscle metaboreceptive afferents can drive increases in ventilation and heart rate during dynamic exercise.

Abstract: Gelatin/poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide) [GL: PECO] composites are synthesized in a one-step process by the incorporation of elastic PECO and diclofenac. [GL: PECO] fibers are prepared by Forcespinning®. GL: PECO fibers are capable of diclofenac, by conjugation via a labile amide linkage. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results confirmed the chemical reactions and hydrogen bonds between gelatin, PECO, and diclofenac. Diclofenac drug release from GL: PECO fibers are measured for 15 days and prolonged drug release is observed. The cell viability is studied with NIH/3T3 and excellent results are observed. The sustained drug release and cytotoxicity results reveal that GL: PECO fibers could be promising substitutes for skin tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery.

Abstract: This paper surveys recent advances in empirical studies of the monetary transmission mechanism (MTM), with special attention to Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Our results indicate that the strength of the exchange rate pass-through substantially declined over time mainly due to a fall in inflation rates and to some extent due to the so-called composition effect. The asset price channel is weak and is likely to remain weak because of shallow stock and private bond markets and because of low stock and bond holdings of domestic household. House prices may become an exception with higher levels mortgage lending and with high owner occupancy ratios. While the credit channel could be a powerful channel of monetary transmission - as new funds raised on capital markets are close to zero in CEE - it is actually not, as both commercial banks and non-financial corporations can escape domestic monetary conditions by borrowing from their foreign mother companies. The moderately good news is, however, that those banks and firms are influenced by monetary policy in the euro area because their parent institutions are themselves subjected to the credit channel in the euro area. Canaux de transmission de la politique monetaire dans les PECO: une revue de la litterature Ce papier vise a synthetiser la litterature empirique portant sur le mecanisme de transmission monetaire, et tout particulierement dans les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale (PECO). Cette etude montre que l’effet du taux de change sur l’inflation a diminue au cours du temps principalement en raison de la baisse des taux d’inflation, mais aussi dans une certaine mesure suite a un effet dit de composition. Le canal des prix d’actifs est faible et le restera probablement en raison des marches d’actions et de titres obligataires prives peu developpes, mais aussi a cause d’un faible taux de detention d’actifs financiers par les menages. En revanche, avec l’accroissement du nombre de prets immobiliers et de menages proprietaires de leur appartements, les prix immobiliers peuvent jouer un role plus important a l’avenir. Meme si le canal du credit devrait etre un des canaux de transmission les plus puissants, sachant que le financement externe sur les marches est quasiment nul dans les PECO, tel n’est pas le cas pour autant. La raison en est que les banques commerciales mais aussi les entreprises peuvent echapper aux conditions monetaires nationales par le biais de financements obtenus aupres de leurs maisons meres implantees a l’etranger. La nouvelle quelque peu encourageante est que les entreprises meres sont elles-memes contraintes par la politique monetaire de la zone euro, exportant ainsi les effets du canal du credit dans les PECO.