Abstract: Millimeter wave (mmWave) holds promise as a carrier frequency for fifth generation cellular networks. Because mmWave signals are sensitive to blockage, prior models for cellular networks operated in the ultra high frequency (UHF) band do not apply to analyze mmWave cellular networks directly. Leveraging concepts from stochastic geometry, this paper proposes a general framework to evaluate the coverage and rate performance in mmWave cellular networks. Using a distance-dependent line-of-site (LOS) probability function, the locations of the LOS and non-LOS base stations are modeled as two independent non-homogeneous Poisson point processes, to which different path loss laws are applied. Based on the proposed framework, expressions for the signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio (SINR) and rate coverage probability are derived. The mmWave coverage and rate performance are examined as a function of the antenna geometry and base station density. The case of dense networks is further analyzed by applying a simplified system model, in which the LOS region of a user is approximated as a fixed LOS ball. The results show that dense mmWave networks can achieve comparable coverage and much higher data rates than conventional UHF cellular systems, despite the presence of blockages. The results suggest that the cell size to achieve the optimal SINR scales with the average size of the area that is LOS to a user.

Abstract: In addition to long battery life and low cost, coverage is one of the most critical performance metrics for the low power wide area networks (LPWAN). In this work we study the coverage of the recently developed LoRa LPWAN technology via real-life measurements. The experiments were conducted in the city of Oulu, Finland, using the commercially available equipment. The measurements were executed for cases when a node located on ground (attached on the roof rack of a car) or on water (attached to the radio mast of a boat) reporting their data to a base station. For a node operating in the 868 MHz ISM band using 14 dBm transmit power and the maximum spreading factor, we have observed the maximum communication range of over 15 km on ground and close to 30 km on water. Besides the actual measurements, in the paper we also present a channel attenuation model derived from the measurement data. The model can be used to estimate the path loss in 868 MHz ISM band in an area similar to Oulu, Finland.

Abstract: Ultra-wideband millimeter-wave (mmWave) propagation measurements were conducted in the 28- and 73-GHz frequency bands in a typical indoor office environment in downtown Brooklyn, New York, on the campus of New York University. The measurements provide large-scale path loss and temporal statistics that will be useful for ultra-dense indoor wireless networks for future mmWave bands. This paper presents the details of measurements that employed a 400 Megachips-per-second broadband sliding correlator channel sounder, using rotatable highly directional horn antennas for both co-polarized and crosspolarized antenna configurations. The measurement environment was a closed-plan in-building scenario that included a line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight corridor, a hallway, a cubicle farm, and adjacent-room communication links. Well-known and new single-frequency and multi-frequency directional and omnidirectional large-scale path loss models are presented and evaluated based on more than 14 000 directional power delay profiles acquired from unique transmitter and receiver antenna pointing angle combinations. Omnidirectional path loss models, synthesized from the directional measurements, are provided for the case of arbitrary polarization coupling, aswell as for the specific cases of co-polarized and cross-polarized antenna orientations. The results show that novel large-scale path loss models provided here are simpler and more physically based compared to previous 3GPP and ITU indoor propagation models that require more model parameters and offer very little additional accuracy and lack a physical basis. Multipath time dispersion statistics formmWave systems using directional antennas are presented for co-polarization, crosspolarization, and combined-polarization scenarios, and show that the multipath root mean square delay spread can be reduced when using transmitter and receiver antenna pointing angles that result in the strongest received power. Raw omnidirectional path loss data and closed-form optimization formulas for all path loss models are given in the Appendices.

Abstract: Millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular systems will require high-gain directional antennas and dense base station (BS) deployments to overcome a high near-field path loss and poor diffraction. As a desirable side effect, high-gain antennas offer interference isolation, providing an opportunity to incorporate self-backhauling , i.e., BSs backhauling among themselves in a mesh architecture without significant loss in the throughput, to enable the requisite large BS densities. The use of directional antennas and resource sharing between access and backhaul links leads to coverage and rate trends that significantly differ from conventional UHF cellular systems. In this paper, we propose a general and tractable mmWave cellular model capturing these key trends and characterize the associated rate distribution. The developed model and analysis are validated using actual building locations from dense urban settings and empirically derived path loss models. The analysis shows that, in sharp contrast to the interference-limited nature of UHF cellular networks, the spectral efficiency of mmWave networks (besides the total rate) also increases with the BS density, particularly at the cell edge. Increasing the system bandwidth does not significantly influence the cell edge rate, although it boosts the median and peak rates. With self-backhauling, different combinations of the wired backhaul fraction (i.e., the fraction of BSs with a wired connection) and the BS density are shown to guarantee the same median rate (QoS).

Abstract: Existing cellular network analyses, and even simulations, typically use the standard path loss model where received power decays like $\Vert x\Vert^{-\alpha}$ over a distance $\Vert x\Vert$ . This standard path loss model is quite idealized, and in most scenarios the path loss exponent $\alpha$ is itself a function of $\Vert x\Vert$ , typically an increasing one. Enforcing a single path loss exponent can lead to orders of magnitude differences in average received and interference powers versus the true values. In this paper, we study multi-slope path loss models, where different distance ranges are subject to different path loss exponents. We focus on the dual-slope path loss function, which is a piece-wise power law and continuous and accurately approximates many practical scenarios. We derive the distributions of SIR, SNR, and finally SINR before finding the potential throughput scaling, which provides insight on the observed cell-splitting rate gain. The exact mathematical results show that the SIR monotonically decreases with network density, while the converse is true for SNR, and thus the network coverage probability in terms of SINR is maximized at some finite density. With ultra-densification (network density goes to infinity), there exists a phase transition in the near-field path loss exponent $\alpha_{0}$ : if $\alpha_{0} >1$ unbounded potential throughput can be achieved asymptotically; if $\alpha_{0} , ultra-densification leads in the extreme case to zero throughput.

Abstract: The acute disparity between increasing bandwidth demand and available spectrum has brought millimeter wave (mmWave) bands to the forefront of candidate solutions for the next-generation cellular networks. Highly directional transmissions are essential for cellular communication in these frequencies to compensate for higher isotropic path loss. This reliance on directional beamforming, however, complicates initial cell search since mobiles and base stations must jointly search over a potentially large angular directional space to locate a suitable path to initiate communication. To address this problem, this paper proposes a directional cell discovery procedure where base stations periodically transmit synchronization signals, potentially in time-varying random directions, to scan the angular space. Detectors for these signals are derived based on a Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) under various signal and receiver assumptions. The detectors are then simulated under realistic design parameters and channels based on actual experimental measurements at 28 GHz in New York City. The study reveals two key findings: 1) digital beamforming can significantly outperform analog beamforming even when digital beamforming uses very low quantization to compensate for the additional power requirements and 2) omnidirectional transmissions of the synchronization signals from the base station generally outperform random directional scanning.

Abstract: This letter presents a probabilistic omnidirectional millimeter-wave path loss model based on real-world 28 GHz and 73 GHz measurements collected in New York City. The probabilistic path loss approach uses a free space line-of-sight propagation model, and for non-line-of-sight conditions uses either a close-in free space reference distance path loss model or a floating-intercept path loss model. The probabilistic model employs a weighting function that specifies the line-of-sight probability for a given transmitter-receiver separation distance. Results show that the probabilistic path loss model offers virtually identical results whether one uses a non-line-of-sight close-in free space reference distance path loss model, with a reference distance of 1 meter, or a floating-intercept path loss model. This letter also shows that site-specific environmental information may be used to yield the probabilistic weighting function for choosing between line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight conditions.

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce a sophisticated path loss model incorporating both line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) transmissions to study their impact on the performance of dense small cell networks (SCNs). Analytical results are obtained for the coverage probability and the area spectral efficiency (ASE), assuming both a general path loss model and a special case with a linear LoS probability function. The performance impact of LoS and NLoS transmissions in dense SCNs in terms of the coverage probability and the ASE is significant, both quantitatively and qualitatively, compared with the previous work that does not differentiate LoS and NLoS transmissions. Our analysis demonstrates that the network coverage probability first increases with the increase of the base station (BS) density, and then decreases as the SCN becomes denser. This decrease further makes the ASE suffer from a slow growth or even a decrease with network densification. The ASE will grow almost linearly as the BS density goes ultra dense. For practical regime of the BS density, the performance results derived from our analysis are distinctively different from previous results, and thus shed new insights on the design and deployment of future dense SCNs.

Abstract: This letter presents a probabilistic omnidirectional millimeter-wave path loss model based on real-world 28 GHz and 73 GHz measurements collected in New York City. The probabilistic path loss approach uses a free space line-of-sight propagation model, and for non-line-of-sight conditions uses either a close-in free space reference distance path loss model or a floating-intercept path loss model. The probabilistic model employs a weighting function that specifies the line-of-sight probability for a given transmitter-receiver separation distance. Results show that the probabilistic path loss model offers virtually identical results whether one uses a non-line-of-sight close-in free space reference distance path loss model, with a reference distance of 1 meter, or a floating-intercept path loss model. This letter also shows that site-specific environmental information may be used to yield the probabilistic weighting function for choosing between line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight conditions.

Abstract: Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication is a promising technology for 5G cellular systems. To compensate for the severe path loss in mmWave systems, large antenna arrays are generally used to achieve significant beamforming gains. However, due to the high hardware and power consumption cost associated with radio frequency (RF) chains, it is desirable to achieve the large-antenna gains, but with only limited number of RF chains for mmWave communications. To this end, we study in this paper a new lens antenna array enabled mmWave MIMO communication system. We first show that the array response of the proposed lens antenna array at the receiver/transmitter follows a "sinc" function, where the antenna with the peak response is determined by the angle of arrival (AoA)/departure (AoD) of the received/transmitted signal. By exploiting this unique property of lens antenna arrays along with the multi-path sparsity of mmWave channels, we propose a novel low-cost and capacity-achieving MIMO transmission scheme, termed \emph{orthogonal path division multiplexing (OPDM)}. For channels with insufficiently separated AoAs and/or AoDs, we also propose a simple \emph{path grouping} technique with group-based small-scale MIMO processing to mitigate the inter-path interference. Numerical results are provided to compare the performance of the proposed lens antenna arrays for mmWave MIMO system against that of conventional arrays, under different practical setups. It is shown that the proposed system achieves significant throughput gain as well as complexity and hardware cost reduction, both making it an appealing new paradigm for mmWave MIMO communications.

Abstract: This paper presents the characteristics of electromagnetic waves propagating inside human body at Terahertz frequencies and an initial study of the system performance of nano-network. It has been observed that the path loss is not only the function of distance and frequency but also related to the dielectric loss of human tissues. Numerical results have been compared with analytical studies and a good match has been found which validates the proposed numerical model. Based on the calculation of path losses and noise level for THz wave propagation, the channel capacity is studied to give an insight of future nano-communications within the human body. Results show that at the distance of millimeters, the capacity can reach as high as 100 Terabits per second (Tbps) depending on the environment and exciting pulse types.

Abstract: This paper provides 28- and 73-GHz urban omnidirectional propagation large-scale path loss data measured in downtown New York City during the summers of 2012 and 2013, and 38 GHz data measured in downtown Austin in the summer of 2011. The data provided herein may be used by antenna, propagation, and communications researchers for emerging mobile and/or backhaul millimeter-wave (mmWave) system analyses. This paper also presents measurement layout maps with transmitter and receiver locations and GPS coordinates, so that anyone may create similar or new measurements and models, or may perform further processing, such as with ray-tracers and modeling tools, in addition to studying mmWave system performance. Using the data provided herein, large-scale path loss models using a standard close-in 1 meter free-space reference distance are provided for each of the three frequency bands.

Abstract: This paper presents key parameters including the line-of-sight (LOS) probability, large-scale path loss, and shadow fading models for the design of future fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems in urban macro- cellular (UMa) scenarios, using the data obtained from propagation measurements at 38 GHz in Austin, US, and at 2, 10, 18, and 28 GHz in Aalborg, Denmark. A comparison of different LOS probability models is performed for the Aalborg environment. Alpha- betagamma and close-in reference distance path loss models are studied in depth to show their value in channel modeling. Additionally, both single-slope and dual-slope omnidirectional path loss models are investigated to analyze and contrast their root-mean-square (RMS) errors on measured path loss values. While the results show that the dual-slope large-scale path loss model can slightly reduce RMS errors compared to its singleslope counterpart in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions, the improvement is not significant enough to warrant adopting the dual- slope path loss model. Furthermore, the shadow fading magnitude versus distance is explored, showing a slight increasing trend in LOS and a decreasing trend in NLOS based on the Aalborg data, but more measurements are necessary to gain a better knowledge of the UMa channels at centimeter- and millimeter-wave frequency bands.

Abstract: In this study, the error performance and the capacity analysis is performed for the decode-and-forward based dual-hop asymmetric radio frequency-free space optical communication (RF-FSO) system. The RF link is characterised by Nakagami- m fading and the FSO link is characterised by path loss, Gamma-Gamma distributed turbulence and pointing error. For this mixed RF-FSO cooperative system, novel closed-form mathematical expressions are derived for cumulative distribution function, probability density function and moment generating function of the equivalent signal-to-noise ratio in terms of Meijer-G function. Using these channel statistics, new finite power series based analytical expressions are obtained for the outage probability, the average bit error rate for various binary and M -ary modulation techniques and the average channel capacity of the considered system in terms of Meijer-G function. As a special case, the analytical framework can also be obtained for channel statistics and performance metrics of dual-hop mixed Rayleigh-Gamma-Gamma system. Simulation results validate the proposed mathematical analysis. The effects of fading, turbulence and pointing error are studied on the outage probability, average bit error rate and channel capacity of the asymmetric RF-FSO system.

Abstract: This paper presents key parameters including the line-of-sight (LOS) probability, large-scale path loss, and shadow fading models for the design of future fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems in urban macro-cellular (UMa) scenarios, using the data obtained from propagation measurements at 38 GHz in Austin, US, and at 2, 10, 18, and 28 GHz in Aalborg, Denmark. A comparison of different LOS probability models is performed for the Aalborg environment. Alpha-betagamma and close-in reference distance path loss models are studied in depth to show their value in channel modeling. Additionally, both single-slope and dual-slope omnidirectional path loss models are investigated to analyze and contrast their root-mean-square (RMS) errors on measured path loss values. While the results show that the dual-slope large-scale path loss model can slightly reduce RMS errors compared to its singleslope counterpart in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions, the improvement is not significant enough to warrant adopting the dual-slope path loss model. Furthermore, the shadow fading magnitude versus distance is explored, showing a slight increasing trend in LOS and a decreasing trend in NLOS based on the Aalborg data, but more measurements are necessary to gain a better knowledge of the UMa channels at centimeter- and millimeter-wave frequency bands.

Abstract: In this paper, power allocation in distributed multiple-input multiple-output radar is investigated for range-only target tracking such that the determinant of Bayesian Fisher information matrix (B-FIM) is maximized. First, the B-FIM is derived for a signal model that incorporates the propagation path loss, the target reflectivity, the transmitted power, and the target prior density. Then, we model the problem as a cooperative game and exploit the solution concept of the Shapley value to distribute a given power budget among all transmitting radars for target tracking. In numerical examples, it is shown that uniform power allocation is not in general optimal. We illustrate the effects of the radar network geometry configuration, target prior density and number of antenna upon the power allocation results, and further demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed optimal power allocation scheme via Monte Carlo simulations.

Abstract: Millimeter wave provides a very promising approach for meeting the ever-growing traffic demand in next generation wireless networks. To utilize this band, it is crucial to obtain the channel state information in order to perform beamforming and combining to compensate for severe path loss. In contrast to lower frequencies, a typical millimeter wave channel consists of a few dominant paths. Thus it is generally sufficient to estimate the path gains, angles of departure (AoDs), and angles of arrival (AoAs) of those paths. Proposed in this paper is a dual timescale model to characterize abrupt channel changes (e.g., blockage) and slow variations of AoDs and AoAs. This work focuses on tracking the slow variations and detecting abrupt changes. A Kalman filter based tracking algorithm and an abrupt change detection method are proposed. The tracking algorithm is compared with the adaptive algorithm due to Alkhateeb, Ayach, Leus and Heath (2014) in the case with single radio frequency chain. Simulation results show that to achieve the same tracking performance, the proposed algorithm requires much lower signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and much fewer pilots than the other algorithm. Moreover, the change detection method can always detect abrupt changes with moderate number of pilots and SNR.

Abstract: Omnidirectional path loss models are vital for radiosystem design in wireless communication systems, as they allow engineers to perform network simulations for systems with arbitrary antenna patterns. At millimeter-wave frequencies, channel measurements are frequently conducted using steerable highgain directional antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to make up for the significant increase in free space path loss at these frequencies compared to traditional cellular systems that operate at lower frequencies. The omnidirectional antenna pattern, and resulting omnidirectional received power must therefore be synthesized from many unique pointing angles, where the transmit and receive antennas are rotated over many different azimuth and elevation planes. In this paper, the equivalent omnidirectional antenna pattern and omnidirectional received power are synthesized by summing the received powers from all measured unique pointing angles obtained at antenna halfpower beamwidth step increments in the azimuth and elevation planes, and this method is validated by demonstrating that the synthesized omnidirectional received power and path loss are independent of antenna beamwidth, through theoretical analyses and millimeter-wave propagation measurements using antennas with different beamwidths. The method in this paper is shown to provide accurate results while enhancing the measurement range substantially through the use of directional antennas.

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce a sophisticated path loss model into the stochastic geometry analysis incorporating both line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) transmissions to study their performance impact in small cell networks (SCNs). Analytical results are obtained on the coverage probability and the area spectral efficiency (ASE) assuming both a general path loss model and a special case of path loss model recommended by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards. The performance impact of LoS and NLoS transmissions in SCNs in terms of the coverage probability and the ASE is shown to be significant both quantitatively and qualitatively, compared with previous work that does not differentiate LoS and NLoS transmissions. Particularly, our analysis demonstrates that when the density of small cells is larger than a threshold, the network coverage probability will decrease as small cells become denser, which in turn makes the ASE suffer from a slow growth or even a notable decrease. For practical regime of small cell density, the performance results derived from our analysis are distinctively different from previous results, and shed new insights on the design and deployment of future dense/ultra-dense SCNs.

Abstract: This paper presents measurements and characterization of D-band indoor channels. The measurements are performed in line-of-sight (LoS), obstructed-LoS (OLoS), and reflected non-LoS (RNLoS) environments. For OLoS sceanrio, cylindrical objects of different materials are used as an obstruction. For RNLoS, different surfaces are used as reflectors. From the large set of LoS and OLoS measured data, the parameters for single-slope path loss model with shadowing are devised. Furthermore, the analysis of multipath propagation is performed. The results show that strong multiple reflections from the transmitter and receiver electronics are present both in LoS and OLoS environments. Additionally, the results show that glass and ceramic objects in the propagation path produce surface-diffracted rays which clock-wise and counter clock-wise superposition leads to frequency-dependent path loss. Finally, the results show that the RNLoS measured path loss with aluminum plate as a reflector is very similar to free-space path loss when the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal.

Abstract: This paper presents a new human body communication (HBC) technique that employs magnetic resonance for data transfer in wireless body-area networks (BANs). Unlike electric field HBC (eHBC) links, which do not necessarily travel well through many biological tissues, the proposed magnetic HBC (mHBC) link easily travels through tissue, offering significantly reduced path loss and, as a result, reduced transceiver power consumption. In this paper the proposed mHBC concept is validated via finite element method simulations and measurements. It is demonstrated that path loss across the body under various postures varies from 10–20 dB, which is significantly lower than alternative BAN techniques.

Abstract: Technology scaling has enabled RF-CMOS circuits that operate in the millimeter-wave frequency range (30 to 300GHz) where large bandwidths are available. These bandwidths can be exploited to increase data-rates of wireless communication links. Unfortunately, free-space path loss (FSPL) limits the operating distance of wireless systems at these frequencies. A 5-meter link at 120GHz has an FSPL as high as 88dB. Therefore such wireless links are feasible only with highly directive antennas. This work uses a directive channel instead. At mm-Wave frequencies, the directive channel can be a low-cost plastic fiber or hollow tube, made from PP, PS or Teflon. These directive channels will guide electromagnetic waves with low loss from TX to RX [1-4]. As such, RF communication through a plastic fiber becomes an interesting alternative and complements existing solutions like wireline copper or optical fibers. This paper presents an entire communication link that uses a continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) TX and RX. We report on 120GHz 40nm CMOS TX and RX chips, the connector solution, and the plastic channel. Data-rates up to 12.7Gb/s over 1m, transmission lengths up to 7m at 2.5Gb/s and an energy efficiency of 1.8pJ/b/m for 4m and 7.4Gb/s are achieved for the complete communication link. All these results are for a BER 10−12. Compared to previous work, measurements also show the link still works for a bending radius of only 25mm, thanks to the selection of a high carrier frequency.

Abstract: Ultrawideband (UWB) radio technology for wireless implants has gained significant attention. UWB enables the fabrication of faster and smaller transceivers with ultralow power consumption, which may be integrated into more sophisticated implantable biomedical sensors and actuators. Nevertheless, the large path loss suffered by UWB signals propagating through inhomogeneous layers of biological tissues is a major hindering factor. For the optimal design of implantable transceivers, the accurate characterization of the UWB radio propagation in living biological tissues is indispensable. Channel measurements in phantoms and numerical simulations with digital anatomical models provide good initial insight into the expected path loss in complex propagation media like the human body, but they often fail to capture the effects of blood circulation, respiration, and temperature gradients of a living subject. Therefore, we performed UWB channel measurements within 1–6 GHz on two living porcine subjects because of the anatomical resemblance with an average human torso. We present for the first time, a path loss model derived from these in vivo measurements, which includes the frequency-dependent attenuation. The use of multiple on-body receiving antennas to combat the high propagation losses in implant radio channels was also investigated.

Abstract: With the rapid development of underwater acoustic modem technology, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) have more applications in long-term monitoring of the deployment area. In the underwater environment, the sensors are costly with limited energy. And acoustic communication medium poses new challenges, including high path loss, low bandwidth, and high energy consumption. Therefore, designing transmission mechanism to decrease energy consumption and to optimize the lifetime of UWASN becomes a significant task. This paper proposes a balance transmission mechanism, and divides the data transmission process into two phases. In the routing set-up phase, an efficient routing algorithm based on the optimum transmission distance is present to optimize the energy consumption of the UWASN. And then, a data balance transmission algorithm is introduced in the stable data transmission phase. The algorithm determines one-hop or multihop data transmission of the node to underwater sink according to the current energy level of adjacent nodes. Furthermore, detailed theoretical analysis evaluates the optimum energy levels in the UWASNs with different scales. The simulation results prove the efficiency of the BTM.

Abstract: In this letter, we propose a fast numerical solution for the steady state radiative transfer equation in order to calculate the optical path loss of light propagation suffering from attenuation due to the absorption and scattering in various water types. We apply an optimal non-uniform method to discretize the angular space and an upwind type finite-difference method to discretize the spatial space. A Gauss-Seidel iterative method is then applied to solve the fully discretized system of linear equations. Finally, we extend the resulting radiance in two-dimensional to three-dimensional by the azimuthal symmetric assumption to compute the received optical power under the given receiver aperture and field of view. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed scheme are validated by uniform RTE solver and Monte Carlo simulations.

Abstract: In this paper, a distributed linear MPC approach to solve the trajectory planning problem for rotary-wing UAVs is proposed, where the objective of the UAV system is to form a communication network to multiple targets with given radio communication capacities. The approach explicitly incorporates constraints on radio communication path losses, computed by using SPLAT! that is able to take into account terrain models and antenna locations. In order to enhance the online optimization, at each time sample the terrain below each UAV and the communication path losses are approximated with linear functions of the spatial coordinates. This leads to linear MPC sub-problems, which are solved by using convex quadratic programming. An algorithm for automatic initialization and optimal reconfiguration of the communication topology in case of failures or severe radio path loss due to e.g. channel fading, is proposed. The communication network that is provided by the UAVs is considered to be a payload communication capacity that is normally independent of the command and control datalink used to control the UAVs. The performance of the distributed linear MPC trajectory planning and the reconfiguration algorithm is studied on two simulation cases with four UAVs and two targets.

Abstract: The exploitation of the mm-wave bands is one of the most promising solutions for 5G mobile radio networks. However, the use of mm-wave technologies in cellular networks is not straightforward due to mm-wave harsh propagation conditions that limit access availability. In order to overcome this obstacle, hybrid network architectures are being considered where mm-wave small cells can exploit an overlay coverage layer based on legacy technology. The additional mm-wave layer can also take advantage of a functional split between control and user plane, that allows to delegate most of the signaling functions to legacy base stations and to gather context information from users for resource optimization. However, mm-wave technology requires high gain antenna systems to compensate for high path loss and limited power, e.g., through the use of multiple antennas for high directivity. Directional transmissions must be also used for the cell discovery and synchronization process, and this can lead to a non-negligible delay due to the need to scan the cell area with multiple transmissions at different directions. In this paper, we propose to exploit the context information related to user position, provided by the separated control plane, to improve the cell discovery procedure and minimize delay. We investigate the fundamental trade-offs of the cell discovery process with directional antennas and the effects of the context information accuracy on its performance. Numerical results are provided to validate our observations.

Abstract: Biomedical implantable sensors transmitting a variety of physiological signals have been proven very useful in the management of chronic diseases. Currently, the vast majority of these in-body wireless sensors communicate in frequencies below 1 GHz. Although the radio propagation losses through biological tissues may be lower in such frequencies, e.g., the medical implant communication services band of 402 to 405 MHz, the maximal channel bandwidths allowed therein constrain the implantable devices to low data rate transmissions. Novel and more sophisticated wireless in-body sensors and actuators may require higher data rate communication interfaces. Therefore, the radio spectrum above 1 GHz for the use of wearable medical sensing applications should be considered for in-body applications too. Wider channel bandwidths and smaller antenna sizes may be obtained in frequency bands above 1 GHz at the expense of larger propagation losses. Therefore, in this paper, we present a phantom-based radio propagation study for the frequency bands of 2360 to 2400 MHz, which has been set aside for wearable body area network nodes, and the industrial, scientific, medical band of 2400 to 2483.5 MHz. Three different channel scenarios were considered for the propagation measurements: in-body to in-body, in-body to on-body, and in-body to off-body. We provide for the first time path loss formulas for all these cases.

Abstract: In this paper, a recently conducted measurement campaign for high-speed-train (HST) channels is introduced, where the downlink signals of an in-service Universal Mobile Terrestrial System (UMTS) deployed along an HST railway between Beijing and Shanghai were acquired. The channel impulse responses (CIRs) are extracted from the data received in the common pilot channels (CPICHs). Within 1318 km, 144 base stations (BSs) were detected. Multipath components (MPCs) estimated from the CIRs are clustered and associated across the time slots. The results show that, limited by the sounding bandwidth of 3.84 MHz, most of the channels contain a single line-of-sight (LoS) cluster, and the rest consists of several LoS clusters due to distributed antennas, leaking cable, or neighboring BSs sharing the same CPICH. A new geometry-based random-cluster model is established for the clusters' behavior in delay and Doppler domains. Different from conventional models, the time-evolving behaviors of clusters are characterized by random geometrical parameters, i.e., the relative position of BS to railway, and the train speed. The distributions of these parameters, and the per-cluster path loss, shadowing, delay, and Doppler spreads, are extracted from the measurement data.