Showing papers on "Parton published in 2017"
TL;DR: A new set of parton distributions, NNPDF3.1, is presented, which updates NN PDF3.0, the first global set of PDFs determined using a methodology validated by a closure test, and investigates the impact of parametrizing charm and evidence that the accuracy and stability of the PDFs are improved.
Abstract: We present a new set of parton distributions, NNPDF3.1, which updates NNPDF3.0, the first global set of PDFs determined using a methodology validated by a closure test. The update is motivated by recent progress in methodology and available data, and involves both. On the methodological side, we now parametrize and determine the charm PDF alongside the light quarks and gluon ones, thereby increasing from seven to eight the number of independent PDFs. On the data side, we now include the D0 electron and muon W asymmetries from the final Tevatron dataset, the complete LHCb measurements of W and Z production in the forward region at 7 and 8 TeV, and new ATLAS and CMS measurements of inclusive jet and electroweak boson production. We also include for the first time top-quark pair differential distributions and the transverse momentum of the Z bosons from ATLAS and CMS. We investigate the impact of parametrizing charm and provide evidence that the accuracy and stability of the PDFs are thereby improved. We study the impact of the new data by producing a variety of determinations based on reduced datasets. We find that both improvements have a significant impact on the PDFs, with some substantial reductions in uncertainties, but with the new PDFs generally in agreement with the previous set at the one sigma level. The most significant changes are seen in the light-quark flavor separation, and in increased precision in the determination of the gluon. We explore the implications of NNPDF3.1 for LHC phenomenology at Run II, compare with recent LHC measurements at 13 TeV, provide updated predictions for Higgs production cross-sections and discuss the strangeness and charm content of the proton in light of our improved dataset and methodology. The NNPDF3.1 PDFs are delivered for the first time both as Hessian sets, and as optimized Monte Carlo sets with a compressed number of replicas.
1,209 citations
TL;DR: A global analysis of collinearly factorized nuclear parton distribution functions (PDFs) including, for the first time, data constraints from LHC proton–lead collisions is introduced including a new set of next-to-leading order nuclear PDFs called EPPS16.
Abstract: We introduce a global analysis of collinearly factorized nuclear parton distribution functions (PDFs) including, for the first time, data constraints from LHC proton–lead collisions. In comparison to our previous analysis, EPS09, where data only from charged-lepton–nucleus deep inelastic scattering (DIS), Drell–Yan (DY) dilepton production in proton–nucleus collisions and inclusive pion production in deuteron–nucleus collisions were the input, we now increase the variety of data constraints to cover also neutrino–nucleus DIS and low-mass DY production in pion–nucleus collisions. The new LHC data significantly extend the kinematic reach of the data constraints. We now allow much more freedom for the flavor dependence of nuclear effects than in other currently available analyses. As a result, especially the uncertainty estimates are more objective flavor by flavor. The neutrino DIS plays a pivotal role in obtaining a mutually consistent behavior for both up and down valence quarks, and the LHC dijet data clearly constrain gluons at large momentum fraction. Mainly for insufficient statistics, the pion–nucleus DY and heavy-gauge-boson production in proton–lead collisions impose less visible constraints. The outcome – a new set of next-to-leading order nuclear PDFs called EPPS16 – is made available for applications in high-energy nuclear collisions.
509 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new set of parton distribution functions (ABMP16), the strong coupling constant αs and the quark masses mc, mb and mt were determined in a global fit to next-to-next-toleading order (NNLO) in QCD.
Abstract: We determine a new set of parton distribution functions (ABMP16), the strong coupling constant αs and the quark masses mc, mb and mt in a global fit to next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in QCD. The analysis uses the MS¯ scheme for αs and all quark masses and is performed in the fixed-flavor number scheme for nf=3, 4, 5. Essential new elements of the fit are the combined data from HERA for inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (DIS), data from the fixed-target experiments NOMAD and CHORUS for neutrino-induced DIS, data from Tevatron and the LHC for the Drell-Yan process and the hadro-production of single-top and top-quark pairs. The theory predictions include new improved approximations at NNLO for the production of heavy quarks in DIS and for the hadro-production of single-top quarks. The description of higher twist effects relevant beyond the leading twist collinear factorization approximation is refined. At NNLO, we obtain the value αs(nf=5)(MZ)=0.1147±0.0008.
506 citations
Michigan State University1, University of Oxford2, Southern Methodist University3, College of William & Mary4, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility5, VU University Amsterdam6, Hampton University7, The Cyprus Institute8, University of Cyprus9, University of Pavia10, National Taiwan Ocean University11, University of Regensburg12, Temple University13, New Mexico State University14, Los Alamos National Laboratory15, University College London16, Shanghai Jiao Tong University17, University of Kentucky18, University of Virginia19, University of Washington20, University of Grenoble21, University of Tübingen22, University of Mainz23, University of Adelaide24
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of lattice-QCD and global-analysis techniques used to determine unpolarized and polarized proton PDFs and their moments.
Abstract: In the framework of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), parton distribution functions (PDFs) quantify how the momentum and spin of a hadron are divided among its quark and gluon constituents. Two main approaches exist to determine PDFs. The first approach, based on QCD factorization theorems, realizes a QCD analysis of a suitable set of hard-scattering measurements, often using a variety of hadronic observables. The second approach, based on first-principle operator definitions of PDFs, uses lattice QCD to compute directly some PDF-related quantities, such as their moments. Motivated by recent progress in both approaches, in this document we present an overview of lattice-QCD and global-analysis techniques used to determine unpolarized and polarized proton PDFs and their moments. We provide benchmark numbers to validate present and future lattice-QCD calculations and we illustrate how they could be used to reduce the PDF uncertainties in current unpolarized and polarized global analyses. This document represents a first step towards establishing a common language between the two communities, to foster dialogue and to further improve our knowledge of PDFs.
266 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the N3LO contributions to the non-singlet splitting functions for both parton distribution and fragmentation functions in perturbative QCD and derived exact expressions for the terms contributing in the limit of a large number of colours.
Abstract: We present the next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N3LO) contributions to the non-singlet splitting functions for both parton distribution and fragmentation functions in perturbative QCD. The exact expressions are derived for the terms contributing in the limit of a large number of colours. For the remaining contributions, approximations are provided that are sufficient for all collider-physics applications. From their threshold limits we derive analytical and high-accuracy numerical results, respectively, for all contributions to the four-loop cusp anomalous dimension for quarks, including the terms proportional to quartic Casimir operators. We briefly illustrate the numerical size of the four-loop corrections, and the remarkable renormalization-scale stability of the N3LO results, for the evolution of the non-singlet parton distribution and the fragmentation functions. Our results appear to provide a first point of contact of four-loop QCD calculations and the so-called wrapping corrections to anomalous dimensions in $$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$
super Yang-Mills theory.
232 citations
TL;DR: This article performed the first global QCD analysis of polarized inclusive and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering and singleinclusive e^{+}e^{-} annihilation data, simultaneously fitting the parton distribution and fragmentation functions using the iterative Monte-Carlo method.
Abstract: We perform the first global QCD analysis of polarized inclusive and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering and single-inclusive e^{+}e^{-} annihilation data, simultaneously fitting the parton distribution and fragmentation functions using the iterative Monte Carlo method Without imposing SU(3) symmetry relations, we find the strange polarization to be very small, consistent with zero for both inclusive and semi-inclusive data, which provides a resolution to the strange quark polarization puzzle The combined analysis also allows the direct extraction from data of the isovector and octet axial charges, and is consistent with a small SU(2) flavor asymmetry in the polarized sea
224 citations
Université Paris-Saclay1, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory2, University of the Witwatersrand3, Reed College4, Lund University5, Durham University6, University of Manchester7, Polish Academy of Sciences8, CERN9, Monash University, Clayton campus10, Centre national de la recherche scientifique11, Massachusetts Institute of Technology12
TL;DR: In the eikonal (double-logarithmic) limit, quark/gluon discrimination is determined solely by the color factor of the initiating parton (CF versus CA) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: By measuring the substructure of a jet, one can assign it a “quark” or “gluon” tag. In the eikonal (double-logarithmic) limit, quark/gluon discrimination is determined solely by the color factor of the initiating parton (CF versus CA). In this paper, we confront the challenges faced when going beyond this leading-order understanding, using both parton-shower generators and first-principles calculations to assess the impact of higher-order perturbative and nonperturbative physics. Working in the idealized context of electron-positron collisions, where one can define a proxy for quark and gluon jets based on the Lorentz structure of the production vertex, we find a fascinating interplay between perturbative shower effects and nonperturbative hadronization effects. Turning to proton-proton collisions, we highlight a core set of measurements that would constrain current uncertainties in quark/gluon tagging and improve the overall modeling of jets at the Large Hadron Collider.
216 citations
TL;DR: The first calculation of fully differential jet production at leading color in all partonic channels at next-to-next-to leading order in perturbative QCD is reported and the possible implications for parton distribution function fits are discussed.
Abstract: We report the first calculation of fully differential jet production at leading color in all partonic channels at next-to-next-to leading order in perturbative QCD and compare to the available ATLAS 7 TeV data. We discuss the size and shape of the perturbative corrections along with their associated scale variation across a wide range in jet transverse momentum, p_{T}, and rapidity, y. We find significant effects, especially at low p_{T}, and discuss the possible implications for parton distribution function fits.
198 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the von Neumann entropy of the system of partons resolved by deep inelastic scattering at a given Bjorken x and momentum transfer q2=-Q2 was computed.
Abstract: Using nonlinear evolution equations of QCD, we compute the von Neumann entropy of the system of partons resolved by deep inelastic scattering at a given Bjorken x and momentum transfer q2=-Q2. We interpret the result as the entropy of entanglement between the spatial region probed by deep inelastic scattering and the rest of the proton. At small x the relation between the entanglement entropy S(x) and the parton distribution xG(x) becomes very simple: S(x)=ln[xG(x)]. In this small x, large rapidity Y regime, all partonic microstates have equal probabilities—the proton is composed by an exponentially large number exp(ΔY) of microstates that occur with equal and exponentially small probabilities exp(-ΔY), where Δ is defined by xG(x)∼1/xΔ. For this equipartitioned state, the entanglement entropy is maximal—so at small x, deep inelastic scattering probes a maximally entangled state. We propose the entanglement entropy as an observable that can be studied in deep inelastic scattering. This will require event-by-event measurements of hadronic final states, and would allow to study the transformation of entanglement entropy into the Boltzmann one. We estimate that the proton is represented by the maximally entangled state at x≤10-3; this kinematic region will be amenable to studies at the Electron Ion Collider.
195 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present two independent procedures through which background subtraction can be performed and discuss the impact of the medium recoil on jet shape observables, which significantly improves the JEWEL description of jet shape measurements.
Abstract: Realistic modeling of medium-jet interactions in heavy ion collisions is becoming increasingly important to successfully predict jet structure and shape observables. In JEWEL, all partons belonging to the parton showers initiated by hard scattered partons undergo collisions with thermal partons from the medium, leading to both elastic and radiative energy loss. The recoiling medium partons carry away energy and momentum from the jet. Since the thermal component of these recoils' momenta is part of the soft background activity, comparison with data requires the implementation of a subtraction procedure. We present two independent procedures through which background subtraction can be performed and discuss the impact of the medium recoil on jet shape observables. Keeping track of the medium response significantly improves the JEWEL description of jet shape measurements.
187 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the inclusion of small-x resummation leads to a quantitative improvement in the perturbative description of the HERA inclusive and charm-production reduced cross-sections in the small x region.
Abstract: We present a determination of the parton distribution functions of the proton in which NLO and NNLO fixed-order calculations are supplemented by NLLx small-x resummation. Deep inelastic structure functions are computed consistently at NLO+NLLx or NNLO+NLLx, while for hadronic processes small-x resummation is included only in the PDF evolution, with kinematic cuts introduced to ensure the fitted data lie in a region where the fixed-order calculation of the hard cross-sections is reliable. In all other respects, the fits use the same methodology and are based on the same global dataset as the recent NNPDF3.1 analysis. We demonstrate that the inclusion of small-x resummation leads to a quantitative improvement in the perturbative description of the HERA inclusive and charm-production reduced cross-sections in the small x region. The impact of the resummation in our fits is greater at NNLO than at NLO, because fixed-order calculations have a perturbative instability at small x due to large logarithms that can be cured by resummation. We explore the phenomenological implications of PDF sets with small-x resummation for the longitudinal structure function $F_L$ at HERA, for parton luminosities and LHC benchmark cross-sections, for ultra-high energy neutrino-nucleus cross-sections, and for future high-energy lepton-proton colliders such as the LHeC.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors recast the QCD evolution equations in terms of parton branching processes and presented a new numerical solution of the equations, which can be applied to analyze infrared contributions to evolution, order-by-order in the strong coupling α s, as a function of the soft-gluon resolution scale parameter.
TL;DR: KaTie as discussed by the authors is a parton-level event generator for hadron scattering processes that can deal with partonic initial-state momenta with an explicit transverse momentum dependence causing them to be space-like.
TL;DR: It is found that the leading-order medium-induced splitting functions, here obtained in the framework of soft-collinear effective theory with Glauber gluon interactions, capture the essential many-body physics, which is different from proton-proton reactions.
Abstract: Heavy ion collisions present exciting opportunities to study the effects of quantum coherence in the formation of subatomic particle showers. We report on the first calculation of the momentum sharing and angular separation distributions between the leading subjets inside a reconstructed jet in such collisions. These observables are directly sensitive to the hardest branching within jets and can probe the early stage of the jet formation. We find that the leading-order medium-induced splitting functions, here obtained in the framework of soft-collinear effective theory with Glauber gluon interactions, capture the essential many-body physics, which is different from proton-proton reactions. Qualitative and in most cases quantitative agreement between theory and preliminary CMS measurements suggests that hard parton branching in strongly interacting matter can be dramatically modified. We also propose a new measurement that will illuminate its angular structure.
TL;DR: The first combination of NLO QCD matrix elements for di-Higgs production, retaining the full top quark mass dependence, with a parton shower was presented in this paper.
Abstract: We present the first combination of NLO QCD matrix elements for di-Higgs production, retaining the full top quark mass dependence, with a parton shower. Results are provided within both the POWHEG-BOX and MadGraph5_aMC@NLO Monte Carlo frameworks. We assess in detail the theoretical uncertainties and provide differential results. We find that, as expected, the shower effects are relatively large for observables like the transverse momentum of the Higgs boson pair, which are sensitive to extra radiation. However, these shower effects are still much smaller than the differences between the Born-improved HEFT approximation and the full NLO calculation in the tails of the distributions.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the next-to-next-next to-next -to-leading order (N^3LO) contributions to the non-singlet splitting functions for both parton distribution and fragmentation functions in perturbative QCD.
Abstract: We present the next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N^3LO) contributions to the non-singlet splitting functions for both parton distribution and fragmentation functions in perturbative QCD. The exact expressions are derived for the terms contributing in the limit of a large number of colours. For the remaining contributions, approximations are provided that are sufficient for all collider-physics applications. From their threshold limits we derive analytical and high-accuracy numerical results, respectively, for all contributions to the four-loop cusp anomalous dimension for quarks, including the terms proportional to quartic Casimir operators. We briefly illustrate the numerical size of the four-loop corrections, and the remarkable renormalization-scale stability of the N^3LO results, for the evolution of the non-singlet parton distribution and the fragmentation functions. Our results appear to provide a first point of contact of four-loop QCD calculations and the so-called wrapping corrections to anomalous dimensions in N=4 super Yang-Mills theory.
TL;DR: In this paper, the soft anomalous dimension of scattering amplitudes is computed at three-loop order for massless partons by explicit evaluation of all relevant Feynman diagrams, up to an overall numerical factor using a bootstrap procedure.
Abstract: The soft anomalous dimension governs the infrared singularities of scattering amplitudes to all orders in perturbative quantum field theory, and is a crucial ingredient in both formal and phenomenological applications of non-abelian gauge theories. It has recently been computed at three-loop order for massless partons by explicit evaluation of all relevant Feynman diagrams. In this paper, we show how the same result can be obtained, up to an overall numerical factor, using a bootstrap procedure. We first give a geometrical argument for the fact that the result can be expressed in terms of single-valued harmonic polylogarithms. We then use symmetry considerations as well as known properties of scattering amplitudes in collinear and high-energy (Regge) limits to constrain an ansatz of basis functions. This is a highly non-trivial cross-check of the result, and our methods pave the way for greatly simplified higher-order calculations.
TL;DR: The first combination of NLO QCD matrix elements for di-Higgs production, retaining the full top quark mass dependence, with a parton shower was presented in this article.
Abstract: We present the first combination of NLO QCD matrix elements for di-Higgs production, retaining the full top quark mass dependence, with a parton shower. Results are provided within both the POWHEG-BOX and MadGraph5_aMC@NLO Monte Carlo frameworks. We assess in detail the theoretical uncertainties and provide differential results. We find that, as expected, the shower effects are relatively large for observables like the transverse momentum of the Higgs boson pair, which are sensitive to extra radiation. However, these shower effects are still much smaller than the differences between the Born-improved HEFT approximation and the full NLO calculation in the tails of the distributions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present two independent procedures through which background subtraction can be performed and discuss the impact of the medium recoil on jet shape observables, which significantly improves the Jewel description of jet shape measurements.
Abstract: Realistic modeling of medium-jet interactions in heavy ion collisions is becoming increasingly important to successfully predict jet structure and shape observables. In Jewel, all partons belonging to the parton showers initiated by hard scattered partons undergo collisions with thermal partons from the medium, leading to both elastic and radiative energy loss. The recoiling medium partons carry away energy and momentum from the jet. Since the thermal component of these recoils’ momenta is part of the soft background activity, comparison with data requires the implementation of a subtraction procedure. We present two independent procedures through which background subtraction can be performed and discuss the impact of the medium recoil on jet shape observables. Keeping track of the medium response significantly improves the Jewel description of jet shape measurements.
Abstract: We revisit the global QCD analysis of parton-to-kaon fragmentation functions at next-to-leading-order accuracy using the latest experimental information on single-inclusive kaon production in electron-positron annihilation, lepton-nucleon deep-inelastic scattering, and proton-proton collisions. An excellent description of all data sets is achieved, and the remaining uncertainties in parton-to-kaon fragmentation functions are estimated and discussed based on the Hessian method. Extensive comparisons to the results from our previous global analysis are made.
TL;DR: A reliable prescription to estimate the theoretical uncertainties, including those associated to the very definition of the process at NLO, is formulated and the sensitivity to a non-Standard-Model relative phase between the Higgs couplings to the top quark and to the W boson in tWH production is studied.
Abstract: We study Higgs boson production in association with a top quark and a $W$ boson at the LHC. At next-to-leading order (NLO) in QCD, this process interferes with $t\bar t H$ production and a procedure to meaningfully separate the two processes needs to be employed. In order to define $tWH$ production for both total rates and differential distributions, we consider the methods that have been previously proposed for treating intermediate resonances at NLO, in particular in the context of $tW$ production. To this aim, we first critically revisit the $tW$ process, for which an extensive literature exists and where an analogous (yet smaller) interference with $t \bar t$ production takes place. We analyse the currently employed techniques, including implementations of diagram removal and diagram subtraction, which feature approximations that need to be carefully taken into account when theoretical predictions are compared to experimental measurements. We then provide robust results for total and differential cross sections for $tW$ and $tWH$ at the LHC at 13 TeV, at the parton level as well as by matching short-distance events to a parton shower. We include a reliable prescription to estimate the theoretical uncertainties, including those associated to the very definition of the process at NLO. Finally, we study the sensitivity to a non-Standard-Model relative phase between the Higgs couplings to the top quark and to the $W$ boson in $tWH$ production.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new type-II model with fractal logical operators is presented, in which quasiparticle excitations are restricted to move along planes, lines, or not to move at all.
Abstract: Fracton phases are three dimensional topological phases in which quasiparticle excitations are restricted to move along planes, lines, or not to move at all. In this work, we show how such phases can be understood in terms of parton constructions, and in the process we find a new type-II model with fractal logical operators.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a new search program for dark sector parton showers at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) which arise in theories characterized by strong dynamics in a hidden sector, such as Hidden Valley models.
Abstract: This paper proposes a new search program for dark sector parton showers at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These signatures arise in theories characterized by strong dynamics in a hidden sector, such as Hidden Valley models. A dark parton shower can be composed of both invisible dark matter particles as well as dark sector states that decay to Standard Model particles via a portal. The focus here is on the specific case of 'semi-visible jets,' jet-like collider objects where the visible states in the shower are Standard Model hadrons. We present a Simplified Model-like parametrization for the LHC observables and propose targeted search strategies for regions of parameter space that are not covered by existing analyses. Following the 'mono-$X$' literature, the portal is modeled using either an effective field theoretic contact operator approach or with one of two ultraviolet completions; sensitivity projections are provided for all three cases. We additionally highlight that the LHC has a unique advantage over direct detection experiments in the search for this class of dark matter theories.
TL;DR: In this paper, the unpolarized gluon quasidistribution function in the nucleon at one loop level in the large momentum effective theory was studied and the complete one-loop matching factors between the quasi and light cone parton distribution functions were presented in the cut-off scheme.
Abstract: We study the unpolarized gluon quasidistribution function in the nucleon at one loop level in the large momentum effective theory. For the quark quasidistribution, power law ultraviolet divergences arise in the cut-off scheme and an important observation is that they all are subjected to Wilson lines. However for the gluon quasidistribution function, we first point out that the linear ultraviolet divergences also exist in the real diagram which is not connected to any Wilson line. We then study the one loop corrections to parton distribution functions in both cut-off scheme and dimensional regularization to deal with the ultraviolet divergences. In addition to the ordinary quark and gluon distributions, we also include the quark to gluon and gluon to quark splitting diagrams. The complete one-loop matching factors between the quasi and light cone parton distribution functions are presented in the cut-off scheme. We derive the $P^z$ evolution equation for quasi parton distribution functions, and find that the $P^z$ evolution kernels are identical to the DGLAP evolution kernels.
TL;DR: A numerical solution of the small-x evolution equations derived in recent work is constructed for the (anti)quark transverse momentum dependent helicity TMDs and parton distribution functions (PDFs) as well as the g_{1} structure function.
Abstract: We construct a numerical solution of the small-x evolution equations derived in our recent work [J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2016) 072.JHEPFG1029-847910.1007/JHEP01(2016)072] for the (anti)quark transverse momentum dependent helicity TMDs and parton distribution functions (PDFs) as well as the g_{1} structure function. We focus on the case of large N_{c}, where one finds a closed set of equations. Employing the extracted intercept, we are able to predict directly from theory the behavior of the quark helicity PDFs at small x, which should have important phenomenological consequences. We also give an estimate of how much of the proton's spin carried by the quarks may be at small x and what impact this has on the spin puzzle.
TL;DR: In this paper, a parton shower which implements the DGLAP evolution of parton densities and fragmentation functions at next-to-leading order precision up to effects stemming from local four-momentum conservation is presented.
Abstract: We present a parton shower which implements the DGLAP evolution of parton densities and fragmentation functions at next-to-leading order precision up to effects stemming from local four-momentum conservation. The Monte-Carlo simulation is based on including next-to-leading order collinear splitting functions in an existing parton shower and combining their soft enhanced contributions with the corresponding terms at leading order. Soft double counting is avoided by matching to the soft eikonal. Example results from two independent realizations of the algorithm, implemented in the two event generation frameworks Pythia and Sherpa, illustrate the improved precision of the new formalism.
TL;DR: The leading-order evolution of parton distribution functions for all the Standard Model fermions and bosons up to energy scales far above the electroweak scale was studied in this paper.
Abstract: We compute the leading-order evolution of parton distribution functions for all the Standard Model fermions and bosons up to energy scales far above the electroweak scale, where electroweak symmetry is restored. Our results include the 52 PDFs of the unpolarized proton, evolving according to the SU(3), SU(2), U(1), mixed SU(2)×U(1) and Yukawa interactions. We illustrate the numerical effects on parton distributions at large energies, and show that this can lead to important corrections to parton luminosities at a future 100 TeV collider.
TL;DR: In this article, the transverse momentum distribution of hadrons within jets is studied with respect to the standard jet axis, and the cross section of the cross-section is derived using Soft Collinear Effective Theory (SCET).
Abstract: We study the transverse momentum distribution of hadrons within jets, where the transverse momentum is defined with respect to the standard jet axis. We consider the case where the jet substructure measurement is performed for an inclusive jet sample pp → jet + X. We demonstrate that this observable provides new opportunities to study transverse momentum dependent fragmentation functions (TMDFFs) which are currently poorly constrained from data, especially for gluons. The factorization of the cross section is obtained within Soft Collinear Effective Theory (SCET), and we show that the relevant TMDFFs are the same as for the more traditional processes semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) and electron-positron annihilation. Different than in SIDIS, the observable for the in-jet fragmentation does not depend on TMD parton distribution functions which allows for a cleaner and more direct probe of TMDFFs. We present numerical results and compare to available data from the LHC.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived a non-linear Balitsky-JIMWLK rapidity evolution equation to derive an effective Hamiltonian acting on states with a fixed number of Reggeized gluons.
Abstract: Considering 2 → 2 gauge-theory scattering with general colour in the high-energy limit, we compute the Regge-cut contribution to three loops through next-to-next-to-leading high-energy logarithms (NNLL) in the signature-odd sector. Our formalism is based on using the non-linear Balitsky-JIMWLK rapidity evolution equation to derive an effective Hamiltonian acting on states with a fixed number of Reggeized gluons. A new effect occurring first at NNLL is mixing between states with k and k + 2 Reggeized gluons due non-diagonal terms in this Hamiltonian. Our results are consistent with a recent determination of the infrared structure of scattering amplitudes at three loops, as well as a computation of 2 → 2 gluon scattering in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
= 4 super Yang-Mills theory. Combining the latter with our Regge-cut calculation we extract the three-loop Regge trajectory in this theory. Our results open the way to predict high-energy logarithms through NNLL at higher-loop orders.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Tsallis-Pareto distributions were derived from non-extensive thermodynamics for the analysis of high-energy particle collisions, where the number of particles is several orders of magnitude smaller than the Avogadro number; therefore, finite-size and fluctuation effects strongly influence the final state one-particle energy distributions.
Abstract: The analysis of high-energy particle collisions is an excellent testbed for the non-extensive statistical approach. In these reactions we are far from the thermodynamical limit. In small colliding systems, such as electron-positron or nuclear collisions, the number of particles is several orders of magnitude smaller than the Avogadro number; therefore, finite-size and fluctuation effects strongly influence the final-state one-particle energy distributions. Due to the simple characterization, the description of the identified hadron spectra with the Boltzmann–Gibbs thermodynamical approach is insufficient. These spectra can be described very well with Tsallis–Pareto distributions instead, derived from non-extensive thermodynamics. Using the q-entropy formula, we interpret the microscopic physics in terms of the Tsallis q and T parameters. In this paper we give a view on these parameters, analyzing identified hadron spectra from recent years in a wide center-of-mass energy range. We demonstrate that the fitted Tsallis-parameters show dependency on the center-of-mass energy and particle species (mass). Our findings are described well by a QCD (Quantum Chromodynamics) inspired parton evolution ansatz. Based on this comprehensive study, apart from the evolution, both mesonic and baryonic components found to be non-extensive ( q > 1 ), besides the mass ordered hierarchy observed in the parameter T. We also study and compare in details the theory-obtained parameters for the case of PYTHIA8 Monte Carlo Generator, perturbative QCD and quark coalescence models.