TL;DR: The contract for UK hospital consultants has been criticised by the BMA, the House of Commons Select Committee on Health, and the current government and has failed to deliver consistent activity and accountability in both the NHS and the private sector.
Abstract: # Reforming the contract of UK consultants {#article-title-2}
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The NHS Plan expressed the intention of government to “fundamentally overhaul” the national contract for UK hospital specialists to “reward and incentivise those who do most for the NHS.”1 How can this be achieved?
#### Summary points
The contract for UK hospital consultants has been criticised by the BMA, the House of Commons Select Committee on Health, and the current government
It has failed to deliver consistent activity and accountability in both the NHS and the private sector
If the NHS Plan is to be carried out, existing variations in performance by consultants have to be better managed
A new contract could involve a basic salary supplemented by bonuses and a fee for each “item” of service
The contract would require appraisal and management of consultants' activity
Informed debate about the design of a new contract is essential, as is its evaluation once it is introduced
The current UK pay system for hospital consultants is a fixed salary with selective bonus payments (distinction awards), which were introduced early in the existence of the NHS to reward “excellence.” UK consultants with a full time NHS contract can undertake limited private practice (with remuneration no higher than 10% of their NHS salary); those with a part time contract (including the “maximum part time” contract, in which consultants receive 10/11 of a full time salary) can undertake unlimited private practice.
Contributing to the renegotiation of consultants' contracts, the House of Commons Select Committee on Health published a report aiming “to examine NHS consultants' contracts in terms of their accountability, effectiveness, and efficiency” and to examine the impact of private practice on the NHS.2 The committee expressed surprise that “the contract managing the work of these vitally important professionals remained, in essence, unchanged since the formation of the NHS …
TL;DR: For the European Union as a whole, long-term unemployment among 15- to 64-year-olds has increased from 37.2 percent in 2008 to 47.5 percent of total unemployment in 2013 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The financial crisis that hit the global market in the middle of 2008 gave way to the sharpest contraction of the European economies since the Great Depression. In 2009 the economic output in the countries of the European Union shrank 4.5 percent, the largest reduction in GDP since its creation. Since then, the economies have slowly recovered, but unemployment has continued to rise, reaching 11 percent in 2013, up from 7.1 percent in 2008. The economy of the European Union shrank 4.5 percent, the largest reduction in its GDP since the Unions creation. Furthermore, for the European Union as a whole, long-term unemployment among 15- to 64-year-olds has increased from 37.2 percent in 2008 to 47.5 percent of total unemployment in 2013. In several countries more than half of those unemployed are long-term unemployed, that is, they have been looking for jobs for more than 12 months. In Greece and Bulgaria the share of long-term unemployed in 2013 was 67.5 percent and 57.3 percent, respectively. Youth unemployment, on the other hand, has increased almost 8 percent since 2008, reaching 23.3 percent in 2013 in the EU-28 countries. In Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary, around a fourth of 15- to 24-year-olds are unemployed; in Greece close to 60 percent of youth were unemployed in 2013. Long spells of unemployment expose individuals to impoverishment. They can also lead to deterioration of skills and detachment from the labor market. Youth unemployment is particularly concerning as it risks damaging longer-term employment prospects for young people, leading them to face higher risks of exclusion and poverty. Youth unemployment also has growth implications as a generation of educated and productive people are not working at their potential. Finally, very high levels of youth unemployment for long periods of time can become a threat to social stability.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify key rigidities in labor legislation in Russia and propose ways to enhance its flexibility while supporting social protection of workers, based on a comparative analysis of the main indicators or parameters of the individual labor contract.
Abstract: The recent World development report on jobs notes that government’s role should be to set conditions for private sector job creation, and remove obstacles to creating jobs with the highest development payoffs. Policies should also address imperfections in the labor market, such as inadequate or asymmetric information, uneven bargaining power, limited ability to enforce long-term commitments, and insufficient insurance against employment-related risks. The objective of this report is to identify key rigidities in labor legislation in Russia, and propose ways to enhance its flexibility while supporting social protection of workers. The study is based on a comparative analysis of the main indicators or parameters of the individual labor contract, as listed in labor legislation. Internationally-accepted main labor standards in related areas are referenced. In particular, the report is organized into six chapters. Chapter 1 presents the basic data on labor markets in Russia associated with labor regulations. Chapter 2 discusses essential elements of the employment contract as well as emerging forms of contractual relationships, with the focus on temporary employment and part-time employment contracts. Chapter 3 examines the establishment of the minimum wage, including setting the minimum wage, the level and differentiation of minimum wages. Chapter 4 presents the main rules and regulations regarding the termination of employment contracts for economic reasons. Chapter 5 presents a discussion on enforcement of labor laws in Russia. Chapter 6 discusses aspects of social dialogue in Russia.