Paradoxical intention

Abstract: Nonpharmacologic treatments that have been evaluated for insomnia are reviewed. These include sleep hygiene techniques, stimulus control instructions, sleep restriction, chronotherapy, bright light therapy, relaxation training, biofeedback, paradoxical intention, and cognitive therapy. Comparative studies of the different treatments indicate considerable overlap in effectiveness. Direct comparisons between treatments have shown stimulus control instructions to be more effective than either relaxation training or paradoxical intention. Further research is needed on the tailoring of treatments to patient needs, as are more detailed comparisons between pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments.

Abstract: Insomnia is a disorder characterized by inability to sleep or a total lack of sleep, prevalence of which ranges from 10 to 15% among the general population with increased rates seen among older ages, female gender, White population and presence of medical or psychiatric illness. Yet this condition is still under-recognized, under-diagnosed, and under-treated. This article aims to review the operational definitions and management of chronic insomnia. A computerized search on PubMed carried from 1980 to January 2009 led to the summarization of the results. There are several strategies to manage chronic insomnia. To initiate treatment, it is necessary to define it and differentiate it from other co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Non-pharmacologic strategies such as stimulus control therapy and relaxation and cognitive therapies have the best effect sizes followed by sleep restriction, paradoxical intention and sleep hygiene education which have modest to less than modest effect sizes. Among pharmacotherapeutic agents, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics are the first line of management followed by benzodiazepines, amitryptiline and antihistaminics. However, adequate trials of combined behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy are the best course of management.

Abstract: Translator's Notes and Acknowledgments Understanding Viktor Frankl's Theory and Therapy of Mental Disorders Viktor Frankl's Prefaces Introduction: What is Logotherapy? Part I. The Theory of Neuroses and Psychotherapy Chapter 1. The Theory of Neurosis as a Problem:Toward a Definition and Classification of Neurotic Disorders Chapter 2. Endogenous Psychoses: On Psychoses Caused by Somatic Disorders Chapter 3. Psychosomatic Illnesses: Critical Remarks on Psychosomatic Medicine Chapter 4. Functional Illnesses or "Pseudo-Neuroses": On Mental Disorders Due to a Medical Condition Chapter 5. Reactive Neuroses: On Neuroses Arising from the fight For or Against Something Chapter 6. Iatrogenic Neuroses: On Neuroses Arising from a Medical Intervention Chapter 7. Psychogenic Neuroses: On Neuroses with Psychological Causes Chapter 8. Noogenic Neuroses: On Neuroses with Spiritual Causes Chapter 9. Collective Neuroses: On Societal Neuroses Part II. Logotherapy and Existential Analysis Chapter 10. Logotherapy as a Specific Therapy of Noogenic Neuroses Chapter 11. Logotherapy as a Nonspecific Therapy Chapter 12. Paradoxical Intention and Dereflection Chapter 13. Medical Ministry Chapter 14. Existential Analysis as a Psychotherapeutic Anthropology Summary Glossary of Medical Terms Index