Showing papers on "Overreaching published in 2011"
TL;DR: It is confirmed that serum SHBG, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol and maximal La/RPE ratios could be useful tools to indicate whether training is too strenuous and should involve recovery training to prevent overtraining syndrome from developing.
Abstract: The purpose was (a) to study the effect of an 8-week Finnish military basic training period (BT) on physical fitness, body composition, mood state, and serum biochemical parameters among new conscripts; (b) to determine the incidence of overreaching (OR); and (c) to evaluate whether initial levels or training responses differ between OR and noOR subjects Fifty-seven males (197 ± 03 years) were evaluated before and during BT Overreaching subjects had to fulfill 3 of 5 criteria: decreased aerobic physical fitness (VO2max), increased rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in 45-minute submaximal test at 70% of VO2max or sick absence from these tests, increased somatic or emotional symptoms of OR, and high incidence of sick absence from daily service VO2max improved during the first 4 weeks of BT During the second half of BT, a stagnation of increase in VO2max was observed, basal serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) increased, and insulin-like growth factor-1 and cortisol decreased Furthermore, submaximal exercise-induced increases in cortisol, maximum heart rate, and postexercise increase in blood lactate were blunted Of 57 subjects, 33% were classified as OR They had higher basal SHBG before and after 4 and 7 weeks of training and higher basal serum cortisol at the end of BT than noOR subjects In addition, in contrast to noOR, OR subjects exhibited no increase in basal testosterone/cortisol ratio but a decrease in maximal La/RPE ratio during BT As one-third of the conscripts were overreached, training after BT should involve recovery training to prevent overtraining syndrome from developing The results confirm that serum SHBG, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol and maximal La/RPE ratios could be useful tools to indicate whether training is too strenuous
88 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that the 55/80 cycle protocol induces a prolonged salivary and plasma cortisol and Salivary testosterone response compared with the other trials and so may be a useful diagnostic tool of overreaching.
Abstract: Hormonal responses to exercise could be used as a marker of overreaching. A short exercise protocol that induces robust hormonal elevations in a normal trained state should be able to highlight hormonal changes during overreaching. This study compared plasma and salivary cortisol and testosterone responses to 4 exercise trials; these were (a) continuous cycle to fatigue at 75% peak power output (Wmax) (FAT); (b) 30-minute cycle alternating 1-minute 60% and 1 minute 90% Wmax (60/90); (c) 30-minute cycle alternating 1-minute 55% and 4-minute 80% Wmax (55/80); and (d) Squatting 8 sets of 10 repetitions at 10 repetition maximum (RESIST). Blood and saliva samples were collected pre-exercise and at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minute postexercise. Pre- to postexercise plasma cortisol increased in all exercise trials, except 60/90. Increases in 55/80 remained above pre-exercise levels for the entire postexercise period. Salivary cortisol increased from pre- to postexercise in FAT and 55/80 trials only. Once elevated after 55/80, it remained so for the postexercise period. Plasma testosterone increased from pre- to postexercise in all trials except 55/80. Saliva testosterone increased from pre- to postexercise in all trials with the longest elevation occurring after 55/80. Area under the curve analysis indicated that the exercise response of salivary hormones was greater in all cycle trials (cortisol) and in the 60/90 and 55/80 trials (testosterone) compared with the other trials. This study indicates that the 55/80 cycle protocol induces a prolonged salivary and plasma cortisol and salivary testosterone response compared with the other trials and so may be a useful diagnostic tool of overreaching.
63 citations
TL;DR: Implementing performance-related criteria in field tests can help coaches and sports physicians to distinguish NFO athletes from athletes with balanced workload and recovery.
Abstract: Objective To study whether field performance tests can make a valid distinction between non-functionally overreaching (NFO) athletes and control athletes. Design Monthly field performance tests were used to determine a performance decrement (PD) throughout a season. Athletes with a minimum of 1 month PD were compared with control athletes without a PD on mood characteristics and resting levels of stress hormones. Setting Sporting field and sports medical laboratory. Participants 129 young elite athletes, 77 soccer players and 52 middle-long distance runners were followed prospectively during the 2006–2007 season. Fifteen of them were invited to the laboratory. Eight athletes showed a performance decrease lasting longer than 1 month, and seven athletes without a performance decrease acted as their controls. Main outcome measures Performance changes over time were measured using field tests. Profile of Mood States and resting levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in blood were measured in the laboratory. Results PD athletes showed several symptoms typical of the non-functional state of overreaching (OR). The PD group scored higher on depression and anger than controls. They also showed a specific pattern of correlations between negative mood subscales (tension, fatigue and depression), which was absent in controls. ACTH levels at rest were similar, but lower cortisol levels in PD athletes pointed at a blunted cortisol response. Cortisol levels were decoupled from ACTH levels only in PD athletes. Conclusions Implementing performance-related criteria in field tests can help coaches and sports physicians to distinguish NFO athletes from athletes with balanced workload and recovery.
51 citations
1 Dec 2011
TL;DR: Three studies attempted to detect a threshold in TL or training monotony in which athletes’ subjective complaints increased significantly and showed that when deliberately attempting to plan a monotonous training program, athletes tend to increase the amount of recovery time in an attempt to preserve the fine balance between training and recovery.
2 citations
TL;DR: Assessment of the incidence and symptomatology of NFOR/OT in young English athletes found OT is not solely a training load-related problem with both physical and psychosocial factors identified as important contributors.
Abstract: MATOS, N. F., R. J. WINSLEY, and C. A. WILLIAMS. Prevalence of Nonfunctional Overreaching/Overtraining in Young English Athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 43, No. 7, pp. 1287–1294, 2011. Purpose: Nonfunctional overreaching and overtraining (NFOR/OT) in adults can lead to significant decrements in performance, combined with physical and psychological health problems. Little is known about this condition in young athletes by comparison; thus, the aim of the study was to assess the incidence and symptomatology of NFOR/OT in young English athletes. Methods: Three hundred seventy-six athletes (131 girls and 245 boys, age = 15.1 T 2.0 yr) completed a 92-item survey about NFOR/OT. The sample included athletes competing at club to international standards across 19 different sports. Athletes were classified as NFOR/OT if they reported persistent daily fatigue and a significant decrement in performance that lasted for long periods of time (i.e., weeks to months). Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov nonparametric tests. Significant predictors of NFOR/OT were identified using logistic regression analysis. Results: One hundred ten athletes (29%) reported having been NFOR/OT at least once. The incidence was significantly higher in individual sports (P G 0.01), low–physical demand sports (P G 0.01), females (P G 0.01), and at the elite level (P G 0.01). Training load was not a significant predictor of NFOR/OT; however, competitive level and gender accounted for a small (4.7% and 1.7%, respectively) but significant explanatory variance of NFOR/OT (P G 0.05). Conclusions: Approximately one-third of young athletes have experienced NFOR/OT, making this an issue for parents and coaches to recognize. OT is not solely a training load–related problem with both physical and psychosocial factors
TL;DR: Improved performance provides evidence that overreaching was functional in all players, however, several overreaching markers were altered and these alterations were more pronounced in the two top 100 players.
Abstract: This case study evaluated the response of objective and subjective markers of overreaching to a highly demanding conditioning training mesocycle in elite tennis players to determine 1) whether players would become functionally or non-functionally overreached, and 2) to explore how coherently overreaching markers would respond. Performance, laboratory and cardiac autonomous activity markers were evaluated in three experienced male tennis professionals competing at top 30, top 100 and top 1000 level before and after their strength and conditioning training was increased by 120, 160 and 180%, respectively, for 30 days. Every week, subjective ratings of stress and recovery were evaluated by means of a questionnaire. After 74, 76 and 55 h of training, increases in VO2max (+8, +5 and +18%) and speed strength indices (+9, +23 and +5%) were observed in all players. Changes of maximal heart rate (-5, -6, +4 beats per minute), laboratory markers (e.g. insulin-like growth factor -26, -17, -9%; free testosterone to cortisol ratio -63, +2, -12%) and cardiac autonomous activity markers (heart rate variability -49, -64, -13%) were variable among the players. Improved performance provides evidence that overreaching was functional in all players. However, several overreaching markers were altered and these alterations were more pronounced in the two top 100 players. The response of overreaching indicators was not coherent.