Abstract: Cosmic rays - even the name conjures up a vision of otherworldly mystery. Enigmatic for many years, they are now known to be not rays at all, but particles, the nuclei of atoms, raining down continually on the earth, where they can be detected throughout the atmosphere and sometimes even thousands of feet underground. This book tells the long-running detective story behind the discovery and study of cosmic rays, a story that stretches from the early days of subatomic particle physics in the 1890s to the frontiers of high-energy astrophysics today. Writing for the amateur scientist and the educated general reader, Michael W. Friedlander, a cosmic ray researcher, relates the history of cosmic ray science from its accidental discovery to its present status. He explains how cosmic rays are identified and their energies measured, then surveys our current knowledge and theories of this thin cosmic rain. The most thorough, up-to-date and readable account of these intriguing phenomena, his book makes us party to the search into the nature, behaviour and origins of cosmic rays - and into the sources of their enormous energy, sometimes hundreds of millions times greater than the energy achievable in the most powerful earthbound particle accelerators. As this search led unexpectedly to the discovery of new particles such as the muon, pion, kaon and hyperon, and as it reveals scenes of awesome violence in the cosmos and offers clues about black holes, supernovas, neutron stars, quasars and neutrinos, we see clearly why cosmic rays remain central to an astonishingly diverse range of research studies on scales infinitesimally small and large. Attractively illustrated, engagingly written, this is a fascinating inside look at a science at the centre of our understanding of our universe.

Abstract: The complexity and costs inherent in developing and deploying space-based weapons, the logistical and technological gaps in military space plans, the lack of support for space weapons internationally, and the public outrage that is likely to erupt on security, economic, environmental, sustainable development, moral, and religious grounds if plans are pursued to turn outer space from a sanctuary to a war zone—all these provide the basis for a strategy of mobilization.

Abstract: The author offers a new method and installation for flight in space. This method uses the centrifugal force of a rotating circular cable that provides a means for the launch of a payload into outer space, to keep the fixed space stations at high altitudes (up to 200 km). The method may also be useful for landing to space bodies, for launching of the space ships (crafts), and for moving and accelerating other artificial apparatuses. The offered installation may be used as a propulsion system for space ships and/or probes. This system uses the material of any space body (i.e. stones) for acceleration and change of the space vehicle trajectory. The suggested system may be also used as a high capacity energy accumulator.

Abstract: Contents: Preface Introduction, by W. Henry Lambright1. Between a Rocket and a Hard Place: The Challenge of Space Access, by Roger D. Launius2. The Future of Space Commerce by Scott N. Pace3. Unfettered Observation: The Politcs of Earth Monitoring from Space by Ronals J. Deibert4. Entering the Space Station Era: International Cooperation and the NExt Decade in Human Spaceflight by Karl A. Leib5. High Impacts: Asteroidal Utilization, Collision Avoidance, and the Outer Space Regime by daniel H. Deudney6. The Quest for Mars by W. Henry Lambright and Debora L. VanNijnatten7. The Search for Extraterrestrial Life:A Core Mission for NASA by Christopher F. Chyba8. Commentary: Creating a New Heritage in Space by John M. Logsdon9. Commentary: From Vision to Reality by Howard E. McCurdyConclusion: Adapting NASA for the Twenty-First Century by W. Henry LambrightList of Contributors Index

Abstract: Currently, space development is confined to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Several states joined the United States and the Soviet Union in space, yet space exploration and development beyond LEO has fallen far short of what is possible given technology and treaty constraints. The authors examine this puzzle of collective inaction, offer insights that contradict much of the conventional wisdom about the development of space, and conclude with a legal-institutional remedy which would solve the collective inaction problem.

Abstract: The increasing role ofthe private sector in space creates virtually limitless opportunities. It is axiomatic that activities in space must be conducted in compliance with the applicable requirements of the body of space law. Unfortunately, in their zeal to manufacture a profit, some proponents give insufficient consideration to the implications and ramifications of their ventures vis-a-vis the extant law of outer space, particularly in relation to the non-appropriation principle. Still other purveyors ofproposals are more disingenuous, proffering elaborate yet analytically inadequate rationales to justify either abrogating or disregarding the legal framework applicable to activities in space, especially in regard to assertions of so called “property rights” in space, on the Moon, and on other celestial bodies. This article examines the fallacies of these propositions, and demonstrates that such claims of property rights are both unnecessary and counterproductive to the development of commercial space.

Abstract: At present, rockets are used to change the trajectory of space ships and probes. This method is very expensive and requires a lot of fuel, which limits the feasibility of space stations, interplanetary space ships, and probes. Sometimes space probes use the gravity field of a planet. However, there are only 9 planets in our solar system and they are separated by great distances. There are tens of millions of asteroids in outer space. The author offers a revolutionary method for changing the trajectory of space probes. This method uses the kinetic or rotary energy of asteroids, meteorites or other space bodies (small planets, natural planet satellites, etc.). to increase (to decrease) ship (probe) speed up to 1000 m/sec (or more) and to get any new direction in outer space. The flight possibilities of space ships and probes are increased by a factor of millions.

Abstract: One of the main concerns for space entrepreneurs and new actors on the space scene is to determine whether their interests are duly taken into account by the body of law governing space activities. Many studies have been conducted on the future development of space tourism and a proliferation of private companies planning space activities is already a reality. Beyond the commercialization of the International Space Station (ISS), suborbital flignts, and despite enthusiastic projects, the future scenarios on the private development of space are not entirely defined yet and financial challenges remain. The involvement of space entrepreneurs and tourists will undoubtedly raise great legal challenges. An appropriate legal framework is essential to ensure the legal protection of new actors, to safeguard their interests on Earth and in space, as well as to preserve outer space itself. In order to identify these challenges, key legal issues relevant to space entrepreneurs and tourists will be raised. In order to address these points, the ISS framework, although not entirely defined yet, will constitute a useful contribution for further legal developments. Based on the current regime, the suitability of the body of law will be addressed, and possible future needs will be discussed.

Abstract: Jackson Pollock, Galaxy, 1947. Oil and aluminum paint on canvas, 109.2 x 86.3 cm (43 /2 x 34 in.). Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska, Gift of Peggy Guggenheim In 1947 Jackson Pollock (1912-1956) painted a canvas entitled Galaxy (frontispiece). It is one of four works that Pollock produced that year with titles inspired by the night sky. Together they constitute an important transition in Pollock's career, when he moved away from thickly painted, vaguely symbolic subjects toward the classic poured paintings of 1947 to 1950. Contemplating the unreachable galaxies of outer space offered Pollock an opportunity to reconsider his own conceptions of artistic space. From his early years as a painter, Pollock had been attracted to the sky on both literal and symbolic levels. While he drew his identity from his western upbringing and cultivated a persona of a man of wide open spaces, his early paintings were dense and intense, more reflections of his New York City art school training than lyrical reminders of the West. His early landscapes, influenced by Thomas Hart Benton, with whom he studied at the Art Students League, tend to be moody and restless. For example, his paintings from the mid-1930s, such as Going West (ca. 1934-38), feature people set against a dark sky that writhes around a glowing sun or moon. As Pollock became disillusioned with Benton's regionalism, he drifted under the influence of surrealism in New York, with its suggestion of insanity and violence, allusions to unfamiliar myths, and the creation of unreadable shapes and hieroglyphic marks. To take the place of landscape in his paintings, Pollock devised totemic and mythic creatures. Once again, cosmic phenomena played a central role: he created the character of Moon-Woman in his paintings in 1941 and 1942. She was as close as he came to an overt expression of the cosmic horrors of war. By 1944 Pollock set aside myth and moved further toward abstraction in works such as Night Sounds and Night Mist. Other paintings from this year include Electric Night, Night Dancer, and Night Ceremony, and attest to his growing fascination for the mysteries of the dark. These works also reflect Pollock's increased awareness of the Spaniard Joan Mir6, whose paintings were familiar to New Yorkers from the large retrospective exhibition of his works at the Museum of Modern Art in 1941. Pollock may have seen some paintings at MoMA from Mir6's series of twenty-two pictures called Constellations (1940-41; fig. 1), which were later shown as a group in the summer of 1945 at Pierre Matisse's New York gallery.1 Mir6's work provided Pollock with a model for opening up the space between his marks, allowing his canvases to become more airy. Mir6 set a precedent for Pollock of using the starry sky as a subject for assertively avant-garde paintings. It was a lesson that Pollock learned well. He had produced his

Abstract: Terrestrial and extraterrestrial theories of the origin of life are discussed in the light of latest observations. The available data suggest a dual mode of origin, some of the ingredients, including possibly sugars, were brought to earth from outer space, which combined with other ingredients, such as proteins, already available on the earth leading to the formation of life.

Abstract: Forty years on from the start of the Space Age, we now need a new vision of activities in space. The determination and enthusiasm — the pioneering spirit — of the early days have all but vanished, and economic considerations have become more dominant. Governments are looking for a return on investments rather than for prestigious “firsts” in space. What is really needed now is a new generation of reusable launchers to make access to space easy, cost-effective and reliable, with a subsequent safe return to Earth. Innovative solutions to several different space transportation problems are absolutely essential if we are to reap the benefits which space offers.

Abstract: The human world and outer space are now increasingly inseparable … [However, we] are still living in the shadow of a possible weaponization of and arms race in outer space … it is imperative to conclude an international legal instrument devoted to preventing the weaponization of and an arms race in outer space … the CD should re-establish an Ad Hoc Committee on PAROS to negotiate and conclude an international legal instrument. ...

Abstract: This year marks the silver anniversary of the launch of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft which are still operational after 25 years in outer space As both spacecraft rush towards the outer limits of our solar system in search for the heliopause, their life-time seems to be limited by the on-board available power supply and not the spacecraft reliability Since the launch of the Voyager spacecraft in 1977, NASA has engaged in an active solar system exploration scientific program that has reached almost every planet in our solar system Moreover, this year, the US National Research Council (NRC) Space Studies Board published a report called “New Frontiers in Solar System Exploration – An Integrated Exploration Strategy” which provides a survey of solar system exploration knowledge and makes recommendations for future solar system exploration priorities and mission opportunities In this talk, we provide a perspective on one enabling technology aspect of solar system exploration: Dependable Computing Whereas we reflect on the engineering marvels of the Voyager and other past and present spacecraft, our focus is on the future of solar system exploration In particular, we anticipate that solar system missions in the coming decade will increasingly involve aspects of: a) in-situ exploration (as in addition to remote sensing); b) advanced surface, sub-surface and aerial mobility elements such as planetary rovers, surface penetrators and probes, aerobots, etc; and c) collecting and returning samples to Earth These future mission concepts present a new engineering and technical challenge for dependable computing in space Two aspects are particularly worth noting First, innovative new power source capabilities may enable ultra-long life space exploration Second, all destinations considered for in-situ exploration of the solar system involve some aspect of survivability in extreme environments These conditions include extreme low-temperatures ranging from Mars, and further out to Jupiter, Europa, Titan, etc However, suggested explorations of the Venus surface require survivability in extreme high-temperature environments These conditions are further compounded by (in some cases extreme) radiation exposure as well as hostile atmosphere (including high pressure) The design of high-performance avionics for autonomous spacecraft control and survivability in extreme environments represents the major challenge for future dependable systems in space Moreover, future in-situ mobility systems will benefit from the additional technology push towards systems miniaturization and low power We will describe current on-going efforts for addressing some of these technical challenges for the future of solar system exploration

Abstract: Planetary protection is a very wide subject because of the variety of physical conditions on individual planets and their moons. At present, we have good photographs or imagery, as well as other evidence, from most planets and from a selection of their moons. The most important factor is the presence or absence of any form of life. Material samples are available from the Moon and possibly, in the form of a few meteorites, from Mars. The danger of contamination has been recognized in the past and it became clear that some measures would have to be taken. The adoption of measures will have to be universal in missions to planets and their moons because for an undesirable contamination to occur, one failed measure of protection may be enough. The question is, if we can learn from experience gained in the last forty years in adopting laws, rules or unbinding recommendations for space activities. Several examples will be discussed, such as the amount of knowledge at a time when international treaties on space law were adopted, the consequences of the failed discussion at the United Nations on the definition of outer space, or of the break-up of Cosmos 954. Special attention will be devoted to the ongoing discussion of space debris in the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its relevance for planetary protection, to the general compliance with the Registration Convention and to the experience gained with the recommendation to re-orbit geostationary satellites.

Abstract: Planetary protection is a very wide subject because of the variety of physical conditions on individual planets and their moons At present, we have good photographs or imagery, as well as other evidence, from most planets and from a selection of their moons The most important factor is the presence or absence of any form of life Material samples are available from the Moon and possibly, in the form of a few meteorites, from Mars The danger of contamination has been recognized in the past and it became clear that some measures would have to be taken The adoption of measures will have to be universal in missions to planets and their moons because for an undesirable contamination to occur, one failed measure of protection may be enough The question is, if we can learn from experience gained in the last forty years in adopting laws, rules or unbinding recommendations for space activities Several examples will be discussed, such as the amount of knowledge at a time when international treaties on space law were adopted, the consequences of the failed discussion at the United Nations on the definition of outer space, or of the break-up of Cosmos 954 Special attention will be devoted to the ongoing discussion of space debris in the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its relevance for planetary protection, to the general compliance with the Registration Convention and to the experience gained with the recommendation to re-orbit geostationary satellites

Abstract: Discourse on developing outer space for human habitation fails to look beyond the initial technological, legal and political obstacles. Once humankind is able to establish a viable settlement, beyond the International Space Station (ISS), there are bound to be conflicts and tensions in a new society comprised of people from diverse nations, and ethno cultural, linguistic and religious backgrounds. The core spacefaring community is already highly diverse. Considering major past conflicts, it is naive to ignore the possibility of future conflict and tensions in a newer, “new world”. This paper uses an interdisciplinary approach blending political science, sociology, discursive psychology and critical discourse analysis, arguing that to look into “the future of human spaceflight” necessitates that we peep beyond the international legal framework, and capture a glimpse of how social, political and economic hierarchies of power might arise, once we “get there”.

Abstract: Study of the Moon for 'Science from the Moon': Astronomers have long looked up at the Moon as a dream site to study the universe from. Observatories on the Moon have been proposed since at least the mid-1960s [1] when humans began to have access to outer space. The most seriously investigated concept has been an array of antennas on the lunar far side for very-low-frequency radio astronomy. Shielded from the terrestrial interference, such an observatory could give us new views of the universe through the completely new spectral window of 50 kHz 30 MHz. However, in investigating astronomical observations from the Moon, I have many times needed more details about the physical characteristics of the lunar environment than are available at present. Many of these details are crucial in selecting the site, designing the instrument, and assessing the performance. Measurements at candidate sites are especially important in identifying the best site. Since the best sites are large craters on the lunar far side, geologists should hopefully share interest in such site-specific studies.