Showing papers on "Outer space published in 1985"
Book•
1 Jan 1985
TL;DR: Weber found that in the first quarter-century of the space age our writers have been more attentive to the familiar attractions of earth than the mysteries of outer space, paradoxically in their accounts of space returning us to earth as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: As our interest in space continues to grow, the cultural effects of space exploration become important In Seeing Earth, Ronald Weber focuses on the literary response to this new frontier, examining an area of contemporary expression that has remained until now virtually untouched The author surveys what has been written about space exploration and calls attention to its dominant use as a means of deflecting attention back to earth and earthly concerns As Norman Cousins states, the \u201cmost significant achievement of that lunar voyage (Apollo 11) was not that man set foot on the Moon, but that he set eyes on Earth\u201d This timely study includes the responses of writers, scientists, historians, theologians, philosophers, and those who have experienced space first hand - the astronauts Here we find, of course, Tom Wolfe and The Right Stuff, Carl Sagan, James Michener, and Norman Mailer But Weber also discusses Oriana Fallaci, Ben Bova, Ken Kesey, Saul Bellow, Ray Bradbury, and others as they offer a literary embodiment of this newest and perhaps ultimate phase of American journeying, the newest New World, the darkest frontier Weber finds that in the first quarter-century of the space age our writers have been more attentive to the familiar attractions of earth than the mysteries of outer space, paradoxically in their accounts of space returning us to earth Seeing Earth is offered, however, as a preliminary report The era of the space shuttle, with the promise of routine journeys in space, may well alter the response of writers We may come to see ourselves at home in space But so far the deepest sympathies of our writers have been directed to the origin of space rockets more than their exotic destinations Weber shows us that our literary accounts of space journeys have given us new instruction about earth and earthly life
17 citations
Book•
7 Feb 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comprehensive, 21-page, carefully prepared, double-columned index of documents from the U.S. Foreign Operations Administration, including a catalog of unpublished papers (of the Departments of State and Defense, the National Archives, National Records Center and the files located in the Truman and Eisenhower Libraries).
Abstract: the Foreign Operations Administration. For those interested in top-level diplomacy, it presents brief references to President Eisenhower's participation in the tripartite conference with British and French leaders in Bermuda in December 1953 (for more information, see Foreign Relations, 19521954, volume V, part 2, p. 1710 ff.)* and the 4-week trip of Vice President Nixon to Asia and the Middle East, which included a visit to the Republic of China, November 8-12, 1953. The text of this volume is supplemented with several useful lists. These embrace a catalog of unpublished papers (of the Departments of State and Defense, the National Archives, the National Records Center and the files located in the Truman and Eisenhower Libraries); a list of acronyms, symbols and abbreviations employed in the documents; and a list of more than 125 persons cited, with their titles and ranks. The compilers of this anthology also supply its users with many helpful cross-referencing, descriptive and explanatory notes. Of special value is the comprehensive, 21-page, carefully prepared, double-columned index. This compilation was produced with the customary high quality of selection, organization, annotation and treatment of documentary resources to which scholars and statesmen have become accustomed, and for which they are indebted to the Office of the Historian of the Department of State.
11 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The United States and the Soviet Union, as the world's major space powers, are obliged to maintain adequate security postures through the possession of balanced military forces as mentioned in this paper, and they also have the most to gain through the exploration, use, and exploitation of the space environment (outer space, per se, the Moon, and other celestial bodies) exclusively for peaceful purposes.
Abstract: The United States and the Soviet Union, as the world's major space powers, are obliged to maintain adequate security postures through the possession of balanced military forces. They also have the most to gain through the exploration, use, and exploitation of the space environment (outer space, per se, the Moon, and other celestial bodies) exclusively for peaceful purposes. Following the earlier evidence that space objects can be used for a great variety of scientific and technological purposes, a new trend has developed. Somewhat ironically there are both concurrent and growing demands for the commercialization and the militarization of the space environment.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors distinguished space age ethics as a separate set of ethical concepts for several reasons: outer space constitutes a unifying element for mankind; the unique space environment has an international statute; and the impact of space science and the utilization of space technology will always have both positive and negative international consequences and repercussions.
6 citations
1 Jan 1985
6 citations
Journal Article•
5 citations
1 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The existing arms control regime for outer space bans attacks on satellites of other countries, except as acts of selfdefense as mentioned in this paper, and the moon and other celestial bodies cannot be used for military activities.
Abstract: The existing arms control regime for outer space bans attacks on satellites of other countries, except as acts of selfdefense. The moon and other celestial bodies cannot be used for military activities. Detonating nuclear explosives in outer space is prohibited. Deployment in space of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction is prohibited. Development, testing, or deployment of spacebased anti-ballistic systems or their components by the United States or the Soviet Union is prohibited. Proposals that outer space be demilitarized or that anti-satellite weapons be banned create complex problems. Since all space activities have potential military uses, great care would have to be taken in defining precisely what a proposal to demilitarize space is meant to prohibit. Similarly, many space objects have the capability to be used to damage or destroy space objects. Any reasonable definition of anti-satellite weapon will leave uncontrolled some non-weapon systems that have a residual anti-satellite capability. Daunting problems of verification and the disparity between the current relevant space capabilities of the United States and the Soviet Union add further complexity. While it is unreasonable to conclude that demilitarization of space or a ban on ASAT weaponry are panaceas, it is also unreasonable to conclude that nothing useful can be done in space arms control.
5 citations
Book•
1 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors treat the human uses of outer space as endeavors wherein ordinary policy and sociological processes take place, and offer perspectives on how space policy ought to be and is being formed.
Abstract: U.S. military strategy, particularly the "Star Wars" scenarios, has generated renewed interest in outer space. The implications for the security of nations on Earth and other emerging space policy problems are examined in this volume. "People in Space" is organized into three sections following an overview by Katz: military activities in space, civilian activities in space, and space as a sociological phenomenon. The authors treat the human uses of outer space as endeavors wherein ordinary policy and sociological processes take place. They offer perspectives on how space policy ought to be and is being formed. Space policy is a new, often emotionally charged field, laden with conflicting ideas, values, and worldviews.
TL;DR: In spite of the Reagan Administration's efforts to proceed with the Strategic Defense Initiative by drawing fine distinctions with treaty language, the program is on a collision course with the ABM, Outer Space, and Limited Test Ban Treaties.
Abstract: In spite of the Reagan Administration's efforts to proceed with the Strategic Defense Initiative by drawing fine distinctions with treaty language, the program is on a collision course with the ABM, Outer Space, and Limited Test Ban Treaties.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of human factors, such as the motivation to conduct research and engage in international cooperation in space science, as well as relevant issues concerning management of space, are discussed.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The U.S. and the USSR are committed to placing such stations in permanent orbit within the next decade as discussed by the authors, and an international agreement giving demilitarized status to them would be a major achievement.
Abstract: An incremental approach to the complete disarmament of outer space could continue with the prohibition of any type of military activity on board earth orbiting manned space stations. The U.S. and the USSR are committed to placing such stations in permanent orbit within the next decade. An international agreement giving demilitarized status to them would be a major achievement. Article IV of the Outer Space Treaty prohibits the establishment of military bases, installations, and fortifications on the moon and other celestial bodies. Manned space stations in earth orbit should be subject to the same limitations, with military personnel permitted for scientific research only.
1 Jan 1985
TL;DR: One way to look at space policy and its trends is by analysing past, present and expected future expenditure, which provides us with some highly significant figures 1. as mentioned in this paper, 2].
Abstract: One way to look at space policy and its trends is by analysing past, present and expected future expenditure, which provides us with some highly significant figures 1.
TL;DR: The first artificial earth satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched on 14 October 1957 and proceeded to orbit the Earth blithely unconcerned with the political boundaries below as mentioned in this paper.