Showing papers on "Osteomyelitis published in 2016"
TL;DR: Diabetic foot infection must be diagnosed clinically, based on the presence of local or systemic signs or symptoms of inflammation, using the Infectious Diseases Society of America/International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot classification scheme.
Abstract: RecommendationsClassification/diagnosis
1.Diabetic foot infection must be diagnosed clinically, based on the presence of local or systemic signs or symptoms of inflammation (strong; low).
2.Assess the severity of any diabetic foot infection using the Infectious Diseases Society of America/International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot classification scheme (strong; moderate).
Osteomyelitis
3.For an infected open wound, perform a probe-to-bone test; in a patient at low risk for osteomyelitis, a negative test largely rules out the diagnosis, while in a high-risk patient, a positive test is largely diagnostic (strong; high).
4.Markedly elevated serum inflammatory markers, especially erythrocyte sedimentation rate, are suggestive of osteomyelitis in suspected cases (weak; moderate).
5.A definite diagnosis of bone infection usually requires positive results on microbiological (and, optimally, histological) examinations of an aseptically obtained bone sample, but this is usually required only when the diagnosis is in doubt or determining the causative pathogen's antibiotic susceptibility is crucial (strong; moderate).
6.A probable diagnosis of bone infection is reasonable if there are positive results on a combination of diagnostic tests, such as probe-to-bone, serum inflammatory markers, plain X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or radionuclide scanning (strong; weak).
7.Avoid using results of soft tissue or sinus tract specimens for selecting antibiotic therapy for osteomyelitis as they do not accurately reflect bone culture results (strong; moderate).
8.Obtain plain X-rays of the foot in all cases of non-superficial diabetic foot infection (strong; low).
9.Use MRI when an advanced imaging test is needed for diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis (strong; moderate).
10.When MRI is not available or contraindicated, consider a white blood cell-labelled radionuclide scan, or possibly single-photon emission computed tomography (CT) and CT (SPECT/CT) or fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT scans (weak; moderate).
Assessing severity
11.At initial evaluation of any infected foot, obtain vital signs and appropriate blood tests, debride the wound and probe and assess the depth and extent of the infection to establish its severity (strong; moderate).
12.At initial evaluation, assess arterial perfusion and decide whether and when further vascular assessment or revascularization is needed (strong; low).
Microbiological considerations
13.Obtain cultures, preferably of a tissue specimen rather than a swab, of infected wounds to determine the causative microorganisms and their antibiotic sensitivity (strong; high).
14.Do not obtain repeat cultures unless the patient is not clinically responding to treatment, or occasionally for infection control surveillance of resistant pathogens (strong; low).
15.Send collected specimens to the microbiology laboratory promptly, in sterile transport containers, accompanied by clinical information on the type of specimen and location of the wound (strong; low).
Surgical treatment
16.Consult a surgical specialist in selected cases of moderate, and all cases of severe, diabetic foot infection (weak; low).
17.Perform urgent surgical interventions in cases of deep abscesses, compartment syndrome and virtually all necrotizing soft tissue infections (strong; low).
18.Consider surgical intervention in cases of osteomyelitis accompanied by spreading soft tissue infection, destroyed soft tissue envelope, progressive bone destruction on X-ray or bone protruding through the ulcer (strong; low).
Antimicrobial therapy
19.While virtually all clinically infected diabetic foot wounds require antimicrobial therapy, do not treat clinically uninfected wounds with antimicrobial therapy (Strong; Low)
20.Select specific antibiotic agents for treatment based on the likely or proven causative pathogens, their antibiotic susceptibilities, the clinical severity of the infection, evidence of efficacy of the agent for diabetic foot infection and costs (strong; moderate).
21.A course of antibiotic therapy of 1–2 weeks is usually adequate for most mild and moderate infections (strong; high).
22.Administer parenteral therapy initially for most severe infections and some moderate infections, with a switch to oral therapy when the infection is responding (strong; low).
23.Do not select a specific type of dressing for a diabetic foot infection with the aim of preventing an infection or improving its outcome (strong; high).
24.For diabetic foot osteomyelitis, we recommend 6 weeks of antibiotic therapy for patients who do not undergo resection of infected bone and no more than a week of antibiotic treatment if all infected bone is resected (strong; moderate).
25.We suggest not using any adjunctive treatments for diabetic foot infection (weak; low).
26.When treating a diabetic foot infection, assess for use of traditional remedies and previous antibiotic use and consider local bacterial pathogens and their susceptibility profile (strong; low).
548 citations
TL;DR: In this review, the key imaging findings in osteomyelitis are correlated with the underlying pathological processes, with a particular emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is the best available imaging modality owing to its high sensitivity for detecting early osteomyELitis, excellent anatomical detail and superior soft tissue resolution.
Abstract: Osteomyelitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adults. Imaging plays a crucial role in establishing a timely diagnosis and guiding early management, with the aim of reducing long-term complications. Recognition of the imaging features of osteomyelitis requires a good understanding of its pathogenesis. In this review, the key imaging findings in osteomyelitis are correlated with the underlying pathological processes. There is a particular emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is the best available imaging modality owing to its high sensitivity for detecting early osteomyelitis, excellent anatomical detail and superior soft tissue resolution. However, other modalities such as nuclear medicine and computed tomography (CT) are also useful in many clinical contexts, and will also be described in this review.
327 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the primary clinical treatment strategies and emerging biodegradable materials that may be employed for management of implant-related osteomyelitis is provided and a systematic review of experimental biomaterials systems that have been evaluated for treating established S. aureus osteomyeliitis in an animal model is performed.
282 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that increasing knowledge of this condition may shorten time to diagnosis, and use of the Bristol diagnostic criteria by an experienced clinician may obviate the need for biopsy in some patients.
Abstract: Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a little known inflammatory bone disease occurring primarily in children and adolescents. Delays in referral and diagnosis may lead to prolonged courses of antibiotics with in-patient care, unnecessary radiation exposure from multiple plain radiographs or bone scans and repeated surgery including bone biopsies. Children (aged < 18 years) diagnosed with CRMO between January 2005 and December 2012, reviewed at Bristol Royal Hospital for Children were included and all available data collected. Information regarding CRMO was sent to all orthopaedic surgeons in the region in 2009. The aim of the study was to examine the features of the cohort, to examine the length of time to diagnosis and to explore the criteria used for diagnosis with and without biopsy. Over an 8 year period, 41 patients were diagnosed with CRMO. Symptom onset occurred at a median of 9 years of age and time to diagnosis had a median of 15 months (range 0–92). Correlation coefficient analysis for time to diagnosis by year showed statistical significance with a decreasing trend. From the cohort data, diagnostic criteria were developed; applied retrospectively, 34 (83 %) children may have been diagnosed using the criteria, without a biopsy. The data suggest that increasing knowledge of this condition may shorten time to diagnosis. Use of the Bristol diagnostic criteria by an experienced clinician may obviate the need for biopsy in some patients.
275 citations
TL;DR: This single-stage protocol, facilitated by the absorbable local antibiotic, is effective in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis and offers a more patient-friendly treatment compared with other published treatment options.
Abstract: Aims Chronic osteomyelitis may recur if dead space management, after
excision of infected bone, is inadequate. This study describes the
results of a strategy for the management of deep bone infection
and evaluates a new antibiotic-loaded biocomposite in the eradication
of infection from bone defects. Patients and Methods We report a prospective study of 100 patients with chronic osteomyelitis,
in 105 bones. Osteomyelitis followed injury or surgery in 81 patients.
Nine had concomitant septic arthritis. 80 patients had comorbidities
(Cierny-Mader (C-M) Class B hosts). Ten had infected nonunions. All patients were treated by a multidisciplinary team with a
single-stage protocol including debridement, multiple sampling,
culture-specific systemic antibiotics, stabilisation, dead space
filling with the biocomposite and primary skin closure. Results Patients were followed up for a mean of 19.5 months (12 to 34).
Infection was eradicated in 96 patients with a single procedure
and all four recurrences were successfully managed with repeat surgery.
Adverse events were uncommon, with three fractures, six wound leaks
and three unrelated deaths. Outcome was not dependant on C-M host
class, microbial culture, wound leakage or presence of nonunion. Conclusion This single-stage protocol, facilitated by the absorbable local
antibiotic, is effective in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.
It offers a more patient-friendly treatment compared with other
published treatment options. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1289–96.
227 citations
TL;DR: Surgery, rather than conservative approaches, is being proposed as the default management choice, because it can, in carefully selected patients, offer faster reduction in pain scores and improved quality of life.
Abstract: Introduction The incidence of vertebral osteomyelitis is increasing, attributed to an ageing population with inherent co-morbidities and improved case ascertainment. Sources of data References were retrieved from the PubMed database using the terms 'vertebral osteomyelitis' and 'spondylodiscitis' between January 1, 2009 and April 30, 2014 published in English as checked in May 2014 (>1000 abstracts checked). Areas of agreement Blood cultures and whole spine imaging with magnetic resonance imaging are essential investigations. Thorough debridement is the mainstay of surgical management, although placing metalwork in active infection is becoming increasingly common. Areas of controversy The extent of pursuing spinal biopsies to determine aetiology, antimicrobial choices and duration, monitoring the response to treatment, and surgical techniques and timing all vary widely in clinical practice with heterogeneous studies limiting comparisons. Surgery, rather than conservative approaches, is being proposed as the default management choice, because it can, in carefully selected patients, offer faster reduction in pain scores and improved quality of life. Areas timely for developing research Further studies are needed to define the most effective technique for spinal biopsies to maximize determining aetiology. High-quality trials are required to provide an evidence base for both the medical and surgical management of vertebral osteomyelitis, including challenging medical management as the default option.
184 citations
TL;DR: A wide application of carrier systems, as a medium for local delivery of antibiotics, is being used experimentally and clinically for the treatment of osteomyelitis, and potentiality of biomaterial based carrier materials impregnated with antibiotics as local delivery approach is highlighted.
153 citations
TL;DR: Whole-body MRIs should be considered in chronic osteomyelitis to detect clinically inapparent lesions in CNO and indirectly exclude (usually unifocal) chronic bacterial infections, and establish evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to CNO.
Abstract: Historically, osteomyelitis was considered an infectious disorder. More recently, inflammatory mechanisms were recognized causing a significant proportion of pediatric osteomyelitis. This study was to compare characteristics of children with chronic non-bacterial (CNO) and bacterial osteomyelitis (BOM). A chart review of osteomyelitis patients from the departments of pediatrics, pediatric surgery, orthopedic surgery, and oral and maxillofacial surgery was conducted in a tertiary referral center, covering the years 2004–2014. Institutional incidences of CNO (n = 49) and BOM (n = 56) were comparable. Differentiation between CNO and BOM based on clinical or laboratory findings was mostly impossible. However, children with BOM more frequently presented with local inflammatory signs (47 vs. 68 %, p = 0.040), fever (12 vs. 38 %, p = 0.003), and abscesses (0 vs. 39 %, p < 0.001). Peripheral arthritis (14 vs. 0 %, p < 0.001), inflammatory bowel disease (10 vs. 2 %, p = ns), and hyperostosis (29 vs. 4 %, p = 0.001) were more common in CNO. Whole-body MRI was performed in 76 % of CNO patients, unveiling multifocal lesions in 80 % (CRMO). Though considered a rare disorder, institutional incidences of CNO were comparable to BOM, and the discrimination between CNO and BOM solely based on clinical aspects was mostly impossible. This is of special interest, since a correct and timely diagnosis is of utmost importance for long-term outcomes in both disorders. Whole-body MRIs should be considered in chronic osteomyelitis to (1) detect clinically inapparent lesions in CNO and (2) indirectly exclude (usually unifocal) chronic bacterial infections. Prospective studies are warranted to establish evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to CNO.
126 citations
TL;DR: In all infection models rifampicin was most effective at reducing bacterial loads, and in the chronic stage, many tested compounds lost activity against persisting bacteria and some antibiotics even induced SCV formation.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis often develops to chronicity despite antimicrobial treatments that have been found to be susceptible in in vitro tests. The complex infection strategies of S. aureus, including host cell invasion and intracellular persistence via the formation of dynamic small colony variant (SCV) phenotypes, could be responsible for therapy-refractory infection courses. METHODS To analyse the efficacy of antibiotics in the acute and chronic stage of bone infections, we established long-term in vitro and in vivo osteomyelitis models. Antibiotics that were tested include β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, fosfomycin, gentamicin, rifampicin and clindamycin. RESULTS Cell culture infection experiments revealed that all tested antibiotics reduced bacterial numbers within infected osteoblasts when treatment was started immediately, whereas some antibiotics lost their activity against intracellular persisting bacteria. Only rifampicin almost cleared infected osteoblasts in the acute and chronic stages. Furthermore, we detected that low concentrations of gentamicin, moxifloxacin and clindamycin enhanced the formation of SCVs, and these could promote chronic infections. Next, we treated a murine osteomyelitis model in the acute and chronic stages. Only rifampicin significantly reduced the bacterial load of bones in the acute phase, whereas cefuroxime and gentamicin were less effective and gentamicin strongly induced SCV formation. During chronicity none of the antimicrobial compounds tested showed a beneficial effect on bone deformation or reduced the numbers of persisting bacteria. CONCLUSIONS In all infection models rifampicin was most effective at reducing bacterial loads. In the chronic stage, particularly in the in vivo model, many tested compounds lost activity against persisting bacteria and some antibiotics even induced SCV formation.
115 citations
TL;DR: The main growpoints concerning OM are the identification of a correct laboratory test array to allow a prompt diagnosis and provide a sensitive and specific detection of the bacterial species involved, along with antibiotic drug resistance.
Abstract: Background and purpose Osteomyelitis (OM) is considered one of the most challenging medical conditions an orthopaedic surgeon has to face. Much debate is present concerning diagnosis and treatment, especially about differences between acute and chronic forms of the condition. The main aim of the present work is to show the key points where research should be implemented. Methods Online database were searched to find evidence about the clinical management of osteomyelitis. Clinical randomized trials, case series, prospective cohort studies reporting on diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic osteomyelitis were taken into consideration. Cadaveric studies, laboratory studies, case reports, review articles and meta-analyses were excluded. Furthermore, studies concerning implant related OM were excluded. Studies in English, Spanish and French were considered in this process of inclusion. The cohorts of all the included studies were composed of adult patients. Results The main growpoints concerning OM are the identification of a correct laboratory test array to allow a prompt diagnosis and provide a sensitive and specific detection of the bacterial species involved, along with antibiotic drug resistance; optimal imaging techniques, according to the phase of the infection, have to be performed, to avoid unnecessary medical expenses; the identification of a suitable compromise between intravenous and oral drugs administration. A flow chart is proposed for optimal clinical management of this pathology. Conclusion More work should be carried out to clarify the main issues concerning the clinical management of osteomyelitis in adult patients.
114 citations
TL;DR: Clinical presentation and treatment options in CNO/CRMO, current pathophysiological concepts, available mouse models, and promising future scientific directions are summarized.
Abstract: Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is an autoinflammatory bone disorder, covering a clinical spectrum with asymptomatic inflammation of single bones at the one end, and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) at the other end. The exact molecular pathophysiology of CNO remains largely unknown. Provided familial clusters and the association with inflammatory disorders of the skin and intestine suggest a genetic predisposition. Recently, profound dysregulation of cytokine responses was demonstrated in CRMO. Failure to produce antiinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-19 contributes to activation of inflammasomes and subsequent IL-1β release. In IL-10-deficient and in CNO-prone chronic multifocal osteomyelitis mice, IL-1β was linked to bone inflammation. Further, alterations to the gut microbiome were suggested in contributing to IL-1β release from innate immune cells in mice, offering an interesting target in the search for molecular mechanisms in CNO. Here, we summarize clinical presentation and treatment options in CNO/CRMO, current pathophysiological concepts, available mouse models, and promising future scientific directions.
TL;DR: The technique is described for the 2-stage treatment of long bone osteomyelitis, which involves a radical debridement, stabilization of the bone with either external fixation or an antibiotic-coated intramedullary nail, and placement of a polymethylmethacrylate spacer.
Abstract: UNLABELLED The management of posttraumatic long bone osteomyelitis remains a challenging clinical problem. A systematic approach is necessary, beginning with eradication of the infected bone and soft tissue. There are a number of options for reconstruction of the remaining bone defect, including the induced membrane technique developed by Masquelet. We describe our technique for the 2-stage treatment of long bone osteomyelitis. The first stage involves a radical debridement, stabilization of the bone with either external fixation or an antibiotic-coated intramedullary nail, and placement of a polymethylmethacrylate spacer. The second stage includes excision of the spacer and placement of autologous bone graft. Various resection methods, fixation strategies, antibiotic additives, and types of bone grafts or substitutes can be used. The purpose of our technical article is to share our personal experience and describe several nuances that are critical for the success of this treatment strategy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
TL;DR: Anaerobic and fastidious organisms may play a more significant role in osteomyelitis than previously reported and further studies with larger populations are needed in order to fully understand the clinical importance of the microbial diversity of diabetic foot osteomyELitis.
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the diversity of bacteria in diabetic foot osteomyelitis using a 16S rRNA sequencing approach and to compare the results with conventional culture techniques. In this prospective observational study, we obtained 34 bone samples from patients admitted to our hospital with a moderate-severe diabetic foot infection. We analysed the distribution of the 16S rRNA gene sequences in the bone samples, using an Illumina MiSeq Personal Sequencer. We compared the genera that were detected with the cultured pathogens in the bone samples with conventional techniques. In the 23 samples that had positive results with both techniques, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus and Propionibacterium spp. were detected in 20, 18, 13 and 11 samples, respectively. Significantly more anaerobes were detected with 16S rRNA sequencing compared to conventional techniques (86.9 % vs. 23.1 %, p = 0.001) and more Gram-positive bacilli were present (78.3 % vs. 3.8 %, p < 0.001). Staphylococcus spp. were identified in all of the sequenced bone samples that were negative with conventional techniques. Mixed genera were present in 83.3 % (5 of 6) of the negative samples. Anaerobic and fastidious organisms may play a more significant role in osteomyelitis than previously reported. Further studies with larger populations are needed in order to fully understand the clinical importance of the microbial diversity of diabetic foot osteomyelitis.
TL;DR: The development of PET/CT and SPECT/CT imaging systems, which combine anatomic and functional imaging, has revolutionized diagnostic imaging and are redefining the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected or known infection and inflammation by improving diagnostic accuracy and influencing patient management.
Abstract: There are numerous imaging tests for diagnosing musculoskeletal infection. Radiographs are routinely performed, because even when not diagnostic, they provide an anatomic overview of the region of interest that could influence subsequent procedure selection and interpretation. MRI is sensitive and provides superb anatomic detail. Bone scintigraphy accurately diagnoses osteomyelitis in bones not affected by underlying conditions. (67)Ga is used primarily for spondylodiskitis. Although in vitro labeled leukocyte imaging is the radionuclide test of choice for complicating osteomyelitis such as diabetic pedal osteomyelitis and prosthetic joint infection, it is not useful for spondylodiskitis. Antigranulocyte antibodies and antibody fragments have limitations and are not widely available. (111)In-biotin is useful for spondylodiskitis. Radiolabeled synthetic fragments of the antimicrobial peptide ubiquicidin are promising infection-specific agents. (18)F-FDG is the radiopharmaceutical of choice for spondylodiskitis. Its role in diabetic pedal osteomyelitis and prosthetic joint infection is not established. Preliminary data suggest (68)Ga may be useful in musculoskeletal infection. (124)I-fialuridine initially showed promise as an infection-specific radiopharmaceutical, but subsequent investigations were disappointing. The development of PET/CT and SPECT/CT imaging systems, which combine anatomic and functional imaging, has revolutionized diagnostic imaging. These hybrid systems are redefining the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected or known infection and inflammation by improving diagnostic accuracy and influencing patient management.
TL;DR: PET tomography with or without computed tomography (CT) is very useful in musculoskeletal infection and synthetic fragments of ubiquicidin, a naturally occurring human antimicrobial peptide that targets bacteria, have shown promise as infection specific radiopharmaceuticals.
TL;DR: This new biphasic bone substitute containing antibiotics provides safe prevention of bone infections in a range of clinical situations and is a reliable tool in the development of future antibiotic-eluting bone-regenerating materials.
Abstract: Objectives Deep bone and joint infections (DBJI) are directly intertwined with health, demographic change towards an elderly population, and wellbeing. The elderly human population is more prone to acquire infections, and the consequences such as pain, reduced quality of life, morbidity, absence from work and premature retirement due to disability place significant burdens on already strained healthcare systems and societal budgets. DBJIs are less responsive to systemic antibiotics because of poor vascular perfusion in necrotic bone, large bone defects and persistent biofilm-based infection. Emerging bacterial resistance poses a major threat and new innovative treatment modalities are urgently needed to curb its current trajectory. Materials and Methods We present a new biphasic ceramic bone substitute consisting of hydroxyapatite and calcium sulphate for local antibiotic delivery in combination with bone regeneration. Gentamicin release was measured in four setups: 1) in vitro elution in Ringer’s solution; 2) local elution in patients treated for trochanteric hip fractures or uncemented hip revisions; 3) local elution in patients treated with a bone tumour resection; and 4) local elution in patients treated surgically for chronic corticomedullary osteomyelitis. Results The release pattern in vitro was comparable with the obtained release in the patient studies. No recurrence was detected in the osteomyelitis group at latest follow-up (minimum 1.5 years). Conclusions This new biphasic bone substitute containing antibiotics provides safe prevention of bone infections in a range of clinical situations. The in vitro test method predicts the in vivo performance and makes it a reliable tool in the development of future antibiotic-eluting bone-regenerating materials. Cite this article: M. Stravinskas, P. Horstmann, J. Ferguson, W. Hettwer, M. Nilsson, S. Tarasevicius, M. M. Petersen, M. A. McNally, L. Lidgren. Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin eluted from a regenerating bone graft substitute: In vitro and clinical release studies. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:427–435. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.59.BJR-2016-0108.R1.
TL;DR: A rat osteomyelitis model with bilateral placement of titanium alloy implants was employed to analyse the prophylactic effect of gentamicin-sodiumdodecylsulfate (SDS) and gentamic in-tannic acid coatings in vivo.
TL;DR: This is the largest pediatric cohort of OAI in Spain and S. aureus was the most common isolate, although K. kingae was recovered in a high proportion of cases, and Conservative management was applied in half of the patients.
Abstract: Background:Acute osteoarticular infection (OAI) is a potentially severe disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the etiology, clinical characteristics and therapeutic approach of OAI in children in Spain.Methods:Medical records from children <14 years with OAI from 25 hospitals between 2008 a
TL;DR: FDG PET is able to identify with high sensitivity the presence of osteomyelitis in orthopaedic surgery patients with nonspecific clinical symptoms of infection.
Abstract: The diagnosis of osteomyelitis and implant-associated infections in patients with nonspecific laboratory or radiological findings is often unsatisfactory. We retrospectively evaluated the contributions of [18F]FDG PET and [18F]FDG PET/CT to the diagnosis of osteomyelitis and implant-associated infections, enabling timely and appropriate decision-making for further therapy options. [18F]FDG PET or PET/CT was performed in 215 patients with suspected osteomyelitis or implant-associated infections between 2000 and 2013. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of both modalities together and separately with reference to intraoperative microbial findings, with a mean clinical follow-up of 69 ± 49 months. Infections were diagnosed clinically in 101 of the 215 patients. PET and PET/CT scans revealed 87 true-positive, 76 true-negative, 38 false-positive, and 14 false-negative results, indicating a sensitivity of 86 %, a specificity of 67 %, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 70 %, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 84 % and an accuracy of 76 %. The sensitivity of PET/CT was 88 %, but specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy (76 %, 76 %, 89 % and 82 %, respectively) were higher than those of stand-alone PET. [18F]FDG PET is able to identify with high sensitivity the presence of osteomyelitis in orthopaedic surgery patients with nonspecific clinical symptoms of infection.
TL;DR: A large cohort of rabbit model of experimental osteomyelitis is established and it is found the TA-nHP66 scaffolds exhibit potent antibacterial activities against E. coli and S. aureus, support cell adhesion and cell proliferation of pre-osteoblasts, and stimulate osteogenic regulator/marker expression.
Abstract: Effective treatment of osteomyelitis remains a formidable clinical challenge. The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has renewed interest in developing antimicrobial biomaterials using antiseptic silver ions to treat osteomyelitis. However, inadequate local retention and severe cytotoxic effects have limited the clinical use of ionic silver for bone grafts. We recently developed novel porous nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 (nHP66)-based nanoscaffold materials containing varied concentrations of silver ions (Ag+) (TA-nHAPA66) and oxidized titanium (TiO2), which was added as a second binary element to enhance antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. In this study, we establish a large cohort of rabbit model of experimental osteomyelitis and investigate the in vivo antimicrobial and therapeutic effects of TA-nHP66 biomaterials and their in vivo silver release kinetics. We find the TA-nHP66 scaffolds exhibit potent antibacterial activities against E. coli and S. aureus, support cell adhesion and cell proliferation of pre-osteoblasts, and stimulate osteogenic regulator/marker expression. Moreover, the TA2-nHP66 scaffold exerts potent antibacterial/anti-inflammation effects in vivo and promotes bone formation at the lesion site of osteomyelitis. We further demonstrate that TA2-nHP66 exhibits excellent biosafety profile without apparent systemic toxicities. Therefore, the TA-nHP66 scaffold biomaterials may be further explored as an effective adjuvant therapy for infected bone defects and/or osteomyelitis debridement.
TL;DR: Due to the low levels of evidence and high risks of bias of the included studies, these results are inconclusive and no conclusions regarding the performed clinical studies of osteomyelitis treatment with antimicrobial bone graft substitutes can be drawn.
Abstract: Osteomyelitis is a common occurrence in orthopaedic surgery, which is caused by different bacteria. Treatment of osteomyelitis patients aims to eradicate infection by debridement surgery and local and systemic antibiotic therapy. Local treatment increases success rates and can be performed with different antimicrobial bone graft substitutes. This review is performed to assess the level of evidence of synthetic bone graft substitutes in osteomyelitis treatment. According to the PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews, different types of clinical studies concerning treatment of osteomyelitis with bone graft substitutes are included. These studies are assessed on their methodological quality as level of evidence and bias and their clinical outcomes as eradication of infection. In the fifteen included studies, the levels of evidence were weak and in ten out of the fifteen studies there was a moderate to high risk of bias. However, first results of the eradication of infection in these studies showed promising results with their relatively high success rates and low complication rates. Due to the low levels of evidence and high risks of bias of the included studies, these results are inconclusive and no conclusions regarding the performed clinical studies of osteomyelitis treatment with antimicrobial bone graft substitutes can be drawn.
TL;DR: The combination therapy with vancomycin-loaded calcium sulfate and vancomYcin- loaded PMMA possibly achieved more effective control of infection in the treatment of osteomyelitis through synergistic effect.
Abstract: Chronic post-traumatic and postoperative osteomyelitis is a refractory disease which results in significant morbidity and mortality. The effect of combination therapy with vancomycin-loaded calcium sulfate and vancomycin-loaded polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was unknown. Fifty-one patients suffering from chronic post-traumatic or postoperative osteomyelitis of the lower extremities were included in the retrospective investigation. The patients were assigned to the study group of the combination therapy with antibiotic-loaded calcium sulfate and antibiotic-loaded PMMA or the control group of the antibiotic-loaded PMMA. Hematological parameters, eradication of infection, rate of infection recurrence and reoperation rate were evaluated during the follow-up. The cases were followed up for an average of 24 months (range, 15–48 months) after the first-stage surgical operation. In the study group, all the patients revealed complete calcium sulfate resorption at an average of 6 weeks (range, 30–60 days). In the study group, infection was primarily eradicated in 92.31% (24 of 26) of patients and re-operation rate of 7.69% (2 of 26) after the first-stage surgery. Two patients underwent further surgical operation in the study group. One case achieved infection eradication in the recurrent two cases, with a secondary infection eradication rate of 96.15% (25 of 26). There was no persistent infection in the study group. In the control group, infection was eradicated in 64.00% (16 of 25) of patients and re-operation rate was 36.00% (9 of 25) after the first-stage surgery. Nine patients in the control group underwent further surgical operation. Two case achieved infection eradication in these cases who suffered from persistent or recurrent infection, with a secondary infection eradication rate of 72.00% (18 of 25). There was more re-operation rate in the control group (PMMA group, 9 vs combination therapy group, 2; P = 0.034). The combination therapy with vancomycin-loaded calcium sulfate and vancomycin-loaded PMMA possibly achieved more effective control of infection in the treatment of osteomyelitis through synergistic effect. The immediate structural stabilization and higher concentration of antibiotic at the local site of infection may be achieved through the combination of biodegradable and non-biodegradable devices in the treatment of chronic post-traumatic and postoperative osteomyelitis. The study was retrospectively registered at 11/16/2016 (TRN: NCT02968693).
TL;DR: In patients with concomitant osteomyelitis, severe deformity, and/or soft tissue infection, a high amputation may be the best treatment of choice.
TL;DR: Most infections can be treated with an appropriate course of antibiotics and bracing if needed, and surgical intervention is usually reserved for infections resistant to medical management, the need for open biopsy/culture, evolving spinal instability or deformity, and neurologic deficit or deterioration.
Abstract: Bacterial spinal infections in adults can have notable adverse consequences, including pain, neurologic deficit, spinal instability and/or deformity, or death. Numerous factors can predispose a person to spinal infection, many of which affect the immune status of the patient. These infections are typically caused by direct seeding of the spine, contiguous spread, or hematogenous spread. Infections are generally grouped based on anatomic location; they are broadly categorized as vertebral osteomyelitis, discitis, and epidural abscess. In some cases, the diagnosis may not be elucidated early without a reasonable index of suspicion. Diagnosis is based on history and physical examination, laboratory data, proper imaging, and culture. Most infections can be treated with an appropriate course of antibiotics and bracing if needed. Surgical intervention is usually reserved for infections resistant to medical management, the need for open biopsy/culture, evolving spinal instability or deformity, and neurologic deficit or deterioration.
TL;DR: Osteomyelitis incidence in indigenous children of northern Australia is amongst the highest reported in the world; methicillin-resistant S aureus accounts for 36% of osteomyelopathy with a positive microbiological diagnosis; and the severity of disease requires extended antibiotic therapy.
TL;DR: Advances in culture techniques and new methods of organism identification have lead to increased identification of this organism, which may be a more frequent bone and joint pathogen than previously realized.
TL;DR: 18F-FDG-LL PET/CT has high specificity for the diagnosis of DFO in complicated diabetic foot and helps in the characterization the extent of underlying CN.
Abstract: ObjectiveDiabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is difficult to diagnose in the presence of Charcot’s neuroarthropathy (CN) and bone biopsy is not always possible. We aimed to assess the efficacy of PET/computed tomography using 18F-fluoride (18F-fluoride PET/CT) and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose-labele
TL;DR: A divergent local immune polarization is evident in the infected versus non-infected animals, with the immune response ultimately unable to clear the S. aureus infection.
TL;DR: Pediatric CNO of the mandible has characteristic radiographic and pathologic features and is usually found as one of multiple disease foci in CRMO rather than as an isolated lesion.
TL;DR: This study demonstrated that chronic osteomyelitis significantly increased the long-term mortality risk in the elderly, and strategies for prevention and treatment and concomitant control of chronic comorbidities are very important for the management of the elderly.
Abstract: The elderly are predisposed to chronic osteomyelitis because of the immunocompromised nature of aging and increasing number of chronic comorbidities. Chronic osteomyelitis may significantly affect the health of the elderly; however, its impact on long-term mortality remains unclear. We conceived this retrospective nationwide population-based cohort study to address this issue. We identified 10,615 elderly patients (≥65 years) comprising 965 patients with chronic osteomyelitis and 9650 without chronic osteomyelitis matched at a ratio of 1:10 by age and gender between 1999 and 2010 from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The risk of chronic osteomyelitis between the two cohorts was compared by a following-up until 2011. Patients with chronic osteomyelitis had a significantly higher mortality risk than those without chronic osteomyelitis [incidence rate ratio (IRR): 2.29; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 2.01–2.59], particularly the old elderly (≥85 years; IRR: 3.27; 95 % CI: 2.22–4.82) and males (IRR: 2.7; 95 % CI: 2.31–3.16). The highest mortality risk was observed in the first month (IRR: 5.01; 95 % CI: 2.02–12.42), and it remained persistently higher even after 6 years (IRR: 1.53; 95 % CI: 1.13–2.06) of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that chronic osteomyelitis [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR): 1.89; 95 % CI: 1.66–2.15], advanced age (≥85 years; AHR: 2.02; 95 % CI: 1.70–2.41), male (AHR: 1.34; 95 % CI: 1.22–1.48), and chronic comorbidities were independent predictors of mortality. This study demonstrated that chronic osteomyelitis significantly increased the long-term mortality risk in the elderly. Therefore, strategies for prevention and treatment of chronic osteomyelitis and concomitant control of chronic comorbidities are very important for the management of the elderly, particularly for a future with an increasingly aged population worldwide.