Abstract: Technology has been an important theme in the study of organizational form and function since the 1950s. However, organization science's interest in this relationship has declined significantly over the past 30 years, a period during which information technologies have become pervasive in organizations and brought about significant changes in them. Organizing no longer needs to take place around hierarchy and the collection, storage, and distribution of information as was the case with “command and control” bureaucracies in the past. The adoption of innovations in information technology (IT) and organizational practices since the 1990s now make it possible to organize around what can be done with information. These changes are not the result of information technologies per se, but of the combination of their features with organizational arrangements and practices that support their use. Yet concepts and theories of organizational form and function remain remarkably silent about these changes. Our analysis offers five affordances---visualizing entire work processes, real-time/flexible product and service innovation, virtual collaboration, mass collaboration, and simulation/synthetic reality---that can result from the intersection of technology and organizational features. We explore how these affordances can result in new forms of organizing. Examples from the articles in this special issue “Information Technology and Organizational Form and Function” are used to show the kinds of opportunities that are created in our understanding of organizations when the “black boxes” of technology and organization are simultaneously unpacked.

Abstract: Purpose – This research aims at investigating the role of certain factors in organizational culture in the success of knowledge sharing Such factors as interpersonal trust, communication between staff, information systems, rewards and organization structure play an important role in defining the relationships between staff and in turn, providing possibilities to break obstacles to knowledge sharing This research is intended to contribute in helping businesses understand the essential role of organizational culture in nourishing knowledge and spreading it in order to become leaders in utilizing their know-how and enjoying prosperity thereafter Design/methodology/approach – The conclusions of this study are based on interpreting the results of a survey and a number of interviews with staff from various organizations in Bahrain from the public and private sectors Findings – The research findings indicate that trust, communication, information systems, rewards and organization structure are positively related to knowledge sharing in organizations Research limitations/implications – The authors believe that further research is required to address governmental sector institutions, where organizational politics dominate a role in hoarding knowledge, through such methods as case studies and observation Originality/value – Previous research indicated that the Bahraini society is influenced by traditions of household, tribe, and especially religion of the Arab and Islamic world These factors define people’s beliefs and behaviours, and thus exercise strong influence in the performance of business organizations This study is motivated by the desire to explore the role of the national organizational culture on knowledge sharing, which may be different from previous studies conducted abroad

Abstract: This article offers a conceptual critique of the three-component model (TCM) of organizational commitment (Allen & Meyer, 1990) and proposes a reconceptualization based on standard attitude theory. The authors use the attitude-behavior model by Eagly and Chaiken (1993) to demonstrate that the TCM combines fundamentally different attitudinal phenomena. They argue that general organizational commitment can best be understood as an attitude regarding the organization, while normative and continuance commitment are attitudes regarding specific forms of behavior (i.e., staying or leaving). The conceptual analysis shows that the TCM fails to qualify as general model of organizational commitment but instead represents a specific model for predicting turnover. The authors suggest that the use of the TCM be restricted to this purpose and that Eagly and Chaiken's model be adopted as a generic commitment model template from which a range of models for predicting specific organizational behaviors can be extracted. Finally, they discuss the definition and measurement of the organizational commitment attitude. Covering the affective, cognitive, and behavioral facets of this attitude helps to enhance construct validity and to differentiate the construct from other constructs.

Abstract: Favourable organizational status and prestige has a substantial role in shaping constituents' attitudes and actions. The status and prestige of an organization is often a reflection of its achievements or performance. In the present study, we investigate the role of organizational performance or achievement (as assessed by organizational members) in evoking employees' identification, adjustment, and job performance. The results of this study indicate that two forms of organizational performance (labelled as perceived social responsibility and development and perceived market and financial performance) are associated with organizational identification. However, when compared to perceived market and financial performance, perceived social responsibility and development had a larger effect on organizational identification, which in turn resulted in enhanced employees' work outcomes – adjustment and job performance.

Abstract: This study investigates the effects of information technology (IT) on exploration and exploitation in organizational learning (OL). We use qualitative evidence from previously published case studies of a single organization to extend an earlier computational model of organizational learning (March 1991) by introducing IT-enabled learning mechanisms: communication technology (e-mail), knowledge repositories of best practices, and groupware. We find that each of these IT-enabled learning mechanisms enable capabilities that have a distinct effect on the exploration and exploitation learning dynamics in the organization. We also find that this effect is dependent on organizational and environmental conditions, as well as on the interaction effects between the various mechanisms when used in combination with one another. We explore the implications of our results for the use of IT to support organizational learning.

Abstract: TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Introduction to I/O Psychology. 2. Job Analysis and Evaluation. 3. Legal Issues in Employee Selection. 4. Employee Selection: Recruiting and Interviewing. 5. Employee Selection: References and Testing. 6. Evaluating Selection Techniques and Decisions. 7. Evaluating Employee Performance. 8. Designing and Evaluating Training Systems. 9. Employee Motivation. 10. Employee Satisfaction and Commitment. 11. Organizational Communication. 12. Leadership. 13. Group Behavior and Conflict. 14. Organization Development. 15. Stress Management: Dealing with the Demands of Life and Work. Appendix: Working Conditions and Human Factors. Glossary. References. Name Index. Subject Index.

Abstract: This article explores the relationship between distributed leadership and organizational change It draws upon the existing literature to consider whether distributed forms of leadership influence development and change in schools The article examines the research base relating to distributed leadership and organizational outcomes It focuses on how different patterns or configurations of distributed leadership contribute to organizational development The article concludes by highlighting issues that require further study and more empirical confirmation

Abstract: Organizations are increasingly being described as complex adaptive systems (CAS). In this view, the behavior and structure of an organization emerges out of the interaction of a collection of organizational agents. Seemingly, there is no role for strategic leadership because the system self-organizes. We argue that strategic leaders play a crucial role in moving organizations to the “edge of chaos” and aid in organizational learning and adaptation by influencing the tags that produce the structure of interactions among organizational agents. Through dialogue and storytelling, strategic leaders shape the evolution of agent interactions and construct the shared meanings that provide the rationale by which the past, the present, and the future of the organization coalesce.

Abstract: – The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the extent to which knowledge sharing and organizational learning affect organizational effectiveness., – The research samples have been drawn from all levels of employees in the organizational hierarchy of international tourist hotels in Taiwan. The questionnaires were distributed to 1,200 participants across nine international tourist hotels in Taiwan. These hotels are globally managed or franchised by international groups of hotels and resorts., – Of 499 usable questionnaires, the results suggest that knowledge sharing would facilitate the transformation of collective individual knowledge to organizational knowledge without the existence of orphaned knowledge and knowledge depreciation. Furthermore, this would result in the advancement of organizational learning and eventually, the enrichment of organizational effectiveness., – The more individual intellectual capital is transferred to organizational assets, the greater the degree of strength of organizational capabilities will become. If organizations do not implant mechanisms for storing that all employees collectively learn, effects are not enduring. There would furthermore be a limited contribution to organizational learning., – This study contributes to KM literature that suffers from a paucity of research on the empirical examination of this subject.

Abstract: Contents: Foreword Preface 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Performance Measurement in Management Literature 3. Perspectives of Organizational Performance and Effectiveness 4. Categories of Performance Measures 5. Performance Measures Used in Research and Practice 6. Measurement Concepts and Implications 7. Developing a Generalizable Model for Measuring Organizational Financial Performance 8. Tests of the Information Content of Individual Measures of Organizational Financial Performance 9. Developing and Testing an Overall Model of Organizational Financial Performance 10. Summary, Conclusions and Implications for Theory and Practice Bibliography Index

Abstract: sEarlier studies have shown that perceived external prestige and communication climate influence organizational identification. In this paper we present the results of a study of the influence of communication climate and perceived external prestige on organizational identification at various organizational levels of a regional police organization. In total, 314 respondents filled out a questionnaire on communication climate, perceived external prestige and organizational identification. The results of this study show that communication climate has the strongest link with employee identification when it concerns the identification with the daily work group and a weaker one with the organization as a whole. It also appears that perceived external prestige has a stronger influence on the identification with the organization as a whole than on the identification at the more concrete organizational levels (such as department or work group). This research offers reasons to presuppose that organizational identification and communication climate are multiple constructs. If management wishes to influence organizational identification through a bottom-up process, it is wise to pay particular attention to the communication climate in the work groups. Influencing organizational identification with the organization as a whole is better conducted through perceived external prestige.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present and test a model of organizational performance improvement based on the impact of organizational learning culture. The concept of organizational learning culture (OLC) is proposed and defined as a set of norms and values about the functioning of an organization. They should support systematic, in-depth approaches aimed at achieving higher-level organizational learning. The elements of an organizational learning process that we use are information acquisition, information interpretation, and behavioral and cognitive changes. Within the competing values framework OLC covers some aspects of all four different types of cultures: group, developmental, hierarchical, and rational. We use data from 203 Slovenian companies employing more than 50 people. The impact of OLC on organizational performance is empirically tested via structural equation modeling (SEM). The results show that OLC has a positive direct impact on all three aspects of non-financial performance included in the model: performance from the employee, customer, and supplier perspectives. The effect of organizational learning culture on financial performance is still positive, but indirect (through non-financial performance from the employee perspective).

Abstract: Purpose – This paper aims to examine the influence of organization culture on the effectiveness of implementing information security management (ISM).Design/methodology/approach – Based on a literature review, a model of the relationship between organizational culture and ISM was formulated, and both organizational culture characteristics and ISM effectiveness were measured empirically to investigate how various organizational culture traits influenced ISM principles, by administrating questionnaires to respondents in organizations with significant use of information systems.Findings – Four regression models were derived to quantify the impacts of organizational culture traits on the effectiveness of implementing ISM. Whilst the control‐oriented organizational culture traits, effectiveness and consistency, have strong effect on the ISM principles of confidentiality, integrity, availability and accountability, the flexibility‐oriented organizational culture traits, cooperativeness and innovativeness, are n...

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between three attributes of organizational change (that is, content, process, and context) in a Fortune 500 telecommunications firm. While researchers acknowledge the importance of the three attributions of organizational change, there is sparse empirical evidence of the systematic and simultaneous assessment of these attributes in organizational change efforts. The investigation undertaken in this study follows a design encompassing content, process, context and outcome variables. Results, utilizing quantitative and qualitative data, reveal that organizational change (an employee outcome variable) is strongly related to the impact of the change on employees (a content variable) and organizational communication media (a process variable). Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that the extent to which employees perceive an organizational change as justified is influenced by their perceived organizational support (an organizational context variable). I...

Abstract: A vision of a living code of ethics is proposed to counter the emphasis on negative phenomena in the study of organizational ethics. The living code results from the harmonious interaction of authentic leadership, five key organizational processes (attraction–selection–attrition, socialization, reward systems, decision-making and organizational learning), and an ethical organizational culture (characterized by heightened levels of ethical awareness and a positive climate regarding ethics). The living code is the cognitive, affective, and behavioral manifestation of an ethical organizational identity. We draw on business ethics literature, positive organizational scholarship, and management literature to outline the elements of positive ethical organizations as those exemplary organizations consistently practicing the highest levels of organizational ethics. In a positive ethical organization, the right thing to do is the only thing to do.

Abstract: Organizational commitment persists as a primary variable ot interest in studies of employment, organizations, and allied fields. The ArticleFirst database reveals 202 article and abstract titles referencing "organizational commitment" in scholarly sources published between 2001 and 2004, and organizational commitment remains a perennial topic for management scholars (e.g., Hammer and Avgar, 2005; Jandeska and Kraimer, 2005; Payne and Huffman, 2005). Commitment has been studied by many because it is believed to affect organizational performance. For example, a primary aspect of organizational commitment is extrarole behavior. Organizations generally value the initiative and conscientiousness that such contri-

Abstract: Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior provides a concise and timely presentation to the key concepts and theories of organizational behavior. The text addresses all the most important concerns for all levels of an organization: the individual, the group, and the organization as a whole. DuBrin goes beyond merely presenting theory--he shows learners its implications for today's organizations and managers through short vignettes and topical examples. Further, the text takes an application-oriented approach with activities and guidelines that will help learners to develop practical managerial skills to accompany their conceptual knowledge. Reviewers agree that this is a succinct and highly-practical choice for learning organizational behavior.

Abstract: Purpose – The idea that knowledge management can be a potential source of competitive advantage has gained strength in the last few years. However, a number of business actions are needed to generate an appropriate environment and infrastructure for knowledge creation, transfer and application. Among these actions there stands out the design of an organizational structure, the link of which with knowledge management is the main concern here. More specifically, the present paper has as its aim to identify the characteristics of organizational structure that facilitate the development of knowledge management processes.Design/methodology/approach – The research strategy used to achieve this aim is the multiple case study method, which has been applied to six Spanish firms of recognized international prestige characterized by their excellence and proactivity in matters of knowledge.Findings – In general terms, the results show that these companies adopt flexible, increasingly flat organizational forms with fe...

Abstract: This article promotes the idea that prototyping, a method regularly employed in the design and development of products and services, is a powerful means to facilitate organizational development and change. The authors present three objectives related to prototyping that facilitate behavioral change within organizations. These objectives include building to think—creating tangible expressions of ideas enables organizational thinking to develop concretely through action; learning faster by failing early (and often)—making things tangible allows small, low-impact failures to occur early, resulting in faster organizational learning; giving permission to explore new behaviors—the presence of a prototype encourages new behaviors, relieving individuals of the responsibility to consciously change what they do. The significance of these objectives is illustrated through reference to client organizational change projects. The article concludes by reflecting on the value of applying this less analytical design-based approach to helping organizations transform the ways they work.

Abstract: This article discusses a design science approach to organizational development (OD) resulting in some new perspectives about how OD interventions might support more effective organizational change. These relate to the way in which the formal organization is redesigned, the way this design is translated by the members of the organization into their own roles and routines, and the way in which subsequent organizational learning produces the intended performance improvement. The background, nature, and characteristics of design science and design science research are discussed, and using a design science perspective, a process model of planned change projects is presented. Drawing on a case in planned change, it is argued that a design science perspective can provide a powerful combination of the original strengths of OD in human behavior and planned change based on humanistic values on one hand and design competencies involving both humanistic and business values on the other.

Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of organizational commitment and the impact on executive's motivational level in providing job satisfaction within a learning organization.Design/methodology/approach – A management development model examines the relationship between the measurable constructs. The model explores the relationship between the executive's motivation level and their outcome with job satisfaction and organizational learning.Findings – The results indicate there is a goodness‐of‐fit for the research model. The path coefficients explained a significant amount of variation along with the identification that organizational commitment is a significant attribute in the management development model.Research limitations/implications – Limitations include the self‐report methodology that measures perceptual data with a series of questionnaire items.Originality/value – The study examines executive's perceptions and the significance of organizational commitment. Management ...

Abstract: In a knowledge-based economy, organizational learning and innovation are the most critical intangible assets that a manufacturer needs to acquire and exploit to achieve superior organizational performance. In this research we propose a model seeking to understand the links between organizational learning and innovativeness, and organizational performance measures. We postulate the impact of organizational learning on innovativeness, internal efficiency, customer satisfaction, and financial performance, and elaborate how such impacts are contingent on the organizational contexts of a firm. Case research was then carried out in three manufacturing companies to examine our proposed conceptual model. Our case studies showed that organizational learning happens when it is valued by senior management, and supported by an appropriate learning infrastructure and culture, leading to organizational efficiency. However, relationships among learning, innovativeness, and performance are unlikely to be established for ...