Abstract: Exemplars of open innovation have revealed that intellectual property (IP) need not only be sourced through existing hierarchical or market relationships. Rather IP can be acquired from individuals and firms with whom an organization has no prior relationship. In such cases, an intermediary, operating as an innovation exchange or brokerage, frequently facilitates the development and acquisition of IP. This paper examines one type of innovation intermediary, the 'Solver Brokerage,' which enables innovation exchanges between organizations and unknown external firms and individuals (i.e. a crowdsourcing process). While the commercial success of Solver Brokerages indicates the potency of arguments concerning the potential of crowdsourcing, little is known about the operation of such brokerages or the crowdsourcing processes that they enable. This paper examines extant research on innovation networks, crowdsourcing, and electronic marketplaces to identify three processes (knowledge mobility, appropriability and stability) that we argue are necessary to 'orchestrate' crowdsourcing. Using a field study of four Solver Brokerages, an innovation seeking organization, as well as 15 innovation providers (i.e. members of the 'crowd'), the paper illustrates the ways in which the three orchestration processes are enhanced in Solver Brokerages. It reveals that while knowledge mobility and appropriability processes can be enhanced by activities under the control of the Solver Brokerage, stability is largely determined by innovation seeking organizations and the innovation providers. The paper concludes that broker-provided value-added 'orchestration' services need to enable knowledge mobility and appropriability, and to ensure that 'unsuccessful' innovation seekers and providers appropriate sufficient value to participate again.

Abstract: Nowadays, mathematics teachers are confronted with a myriad of resources that are available through technological means and through the internet in particular. However, teachers may perceive difficulties in orchestrating education which makes use of technological tools and resources. With instrumental orchestration as a theoretical lens, the main question addressed in this chapter is into which types of orchestrations teachers transform the technological resources. In the setting of a pilot teaching sequence in grade 12 on using applets for practicing algebraic skills, this question is investigated, through a case study of one participating mathematics teacher, through questionnaires among the 69 participating teachers, and through interviews with six of them. The results show that teachers privilege orchestrations in which students work individually or in pairs, at the cost of whole-class orchestration types. Within the performance of these student-centered orchestrations, we recognize elements already known from previously identified orchestrations. Compared to their regular teaching practices and their expectations before the pilot, the involvement in the pilot causes teachers to adapt their orchestrations during the pilot.

Abstract: Over 110 effective recipes to help you build and operate OpenStack cloud computing, storage, networking, and automation About This Book Explore many new features of OpenStack's Juno and Kilo releases Install, configure, and administer core projects with the help of OpenStack Object Storage, Block Storage, and Neutron Networking services Harness the abilities of experienced OpenStack administrators and architects, and run your own private cloud successfully Practical, real-world examples of each service and an accompanying Vagrant environment that helps you learn quickly In Detail OpenStack Open Source software is one of the most used cloud infrastructures to support software development and big data analysis. It is developed by a thriving community of individual developers from around the globe and backed by most of the leading players in the cloud space today. It is simple to implement, massively scalable, and can store a large pool of data and networking resources. OpenStack has a strong ecosystem that helps you provision your cloud storage needs. Add OpenStack's enterprise features to reduce the cost of your business. This book will show you the steps to build up a private cloud environment. At the beginning, you'll discover the uses of cloud services such as the identity service, image service, and compute service. You'll dive into Neutron, the OpenStack Networking service, and get your hands dirty with configuring ML2, networks, routers, and Distributed Virtual Routers. You'll then gather more expert knowledge on OpenStack cloud computing by managing your cloud's security and migration. After that, we delve in to OpenStack Object storage and how to manage servers and work with objects, cluster, and storage functionalities. Also, as you go deeper into the realm of OpenStack, you'll learn practical examples of Block storage, LBaaS, and FWaaS: installation and configuration covered ground up. Finally, you will learn OpenStack dashboard, Ansible and Foreman, Keystone, and other interesting topics. What You Will Learn Understand, install, configure, and manage Novathe OpenStack Cloud Compute resource Configure ML2, networks, routers, and Distributed Virtual Routers with Neutron Use and secure Keystone, the OpenStack Authentication service Install and set up Swift and Container Replication between datacenters Gain hands-on experience and familiarity with Horizon, the OpenStack Dashboard user interface Automate complete solutions with our recipes on Heat, the OpenStack Orchestration service Use Ansible and Foreman to automate OpenStack installations successfully Follow practical advice and examples to run OpenStack in production Who This Book Is For This book is aimed at cloud system engineers, system administrators, and technical architects who are moving from a virtualized environment to cloud environments. This book assumes that you are familiar with cloud computing platforms, and have knowledge of virtualization, networking, and managing Linux environments. Style and approach Clear, step-by-step instructions coupled with practical and applicable recipes that'll enable you to use and implement the latest features of OpenStack.

Abstract: Availability manager orchestration systems and methods and, particularly, an open resilience framework for simplified and coordinated orchestration of multiple availability managers.

Abstract: A technique includes providing a first interface to manage a plurality of cloud services that are provided by a plurality of cloud resources that form a hybrid cloud. Each of the cloud resources is associated with an application programming interface. The technique includes using the first interface to orchestrate the cloud services, where the orchestration includes using the first interface to orchestrate the application programming interfaces to allow at least one cloud resource management function provided by the first interface to be performed across at least two of the cloud resources.

Abstract: The increasing competition between manufacturers, the shortening of innovation cycles and the growing importance of resource-efficient manufacturing demand a higher versatility of factory automation. Service-oriented approaches depict a promising possibility to realize new control architectures by encapsulating the functionality of mechatronic devices into services. An efficient discovery, context-based selection and dynamic orchestration of these services are the key features for the creation of highly adaptable manufacturing processes. We describe a semantic service discovery and ad-hoc orchestration system, which is able to react to new process variants and changed contextual information (e.g., failure of field devices, requirements on the consumption of resources). Because a standardized vocabulary, especially for the description of mechatronic functionalities, is still missing in the manufacturing domain, the semantic description of services, processes and manufacturing plants as well as the semantic interpretation of contextual information play an important part.

Abstract: A major difficulty in enterprise computing is the modeling of complex application topologies consisting of numerous individual components and their relationships. Especially in the context of cloud computing, the Topology and Orchestration Specification for Cloud Applications (TOSCA) has been proposed recently for standardization to tackle this issue. However, TOSCA currently lacks a well-defined visual notation enabling effective and efficient communication in order to transport the semantics of the encoded information to human beings. In this paper, we propose a visual notation for TOSCA based on established usability research which provides additional concepts for visual modularization and abstraction of large application topologies.

Abstract: The emergence of cloud computing over the past five years is potentially one of the breakthrough advances in the history of computing. It delivers hardware and software resources as virtualization-enabled services and in which administrators are free from the burden of worrying about the low level implementation or system administration details. Although cloud computing offers considerable opportunities for the users (e.g. application developers, governments, new startups, administrators, consultants, scientists, business analyst, etc.) such as no up-front investment, lowering operating cost, and infinite scalability, it has many unique research challenges that need to be carefully addressed in the future. In this paper, we present a survey on key cloud computing concepts, resource abstractions, and programming operations for orchestrating resources and associated research challenges, wherever applicable.

Abstract: Along with the development of new technologies, orchestrating computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) has become a topic of discussion because new learning spaces challenge teacher to support collaborative learning in new ways. However, despite the optimistic notions of teachers' orchestration in CSCL situations, there are still no systematic research findings on real-time orchestration. This study is one attempt to fill in the knowledge gap on understanding the differences in knowledge construction processes between settings with and without teachers' real-time orchestration in 3D learning games from a socio-cultural perspective. The aims of the study are twofold. The first aim is to design a scripted 3D learning game to practice inter-professional knowledge construction in a vocational context. The second goal is to determine the main differences in knowledge construction processes in 3D game settings with and without real-time teacher orchestration. Findings provide new insights into what actually happens in collaboration processes within different learning settings. Specifically, students in settings with real-time teacher orchestration used more effort to provide knowledge (especially explaining one's own situation) and less effort for other inputs (in particular, off task discussion). Thus, a scripted 3D game itself guided and helped groups to solve tasks. However, teachers' professional competencies also helped to reduce off task discussions during the 3D game, develop a shared understanding of the tasks' inter-professional nature, and explain activities in a meaningful way.

Abstract: Purpose: This article explores service business development by small- and medium-sized equipment manufacturers (SMEMs). It focuses on underlying dynamic and operational capabilities in service business development. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research design is based on case study research with nine companies from Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland. Findings: The findings are twofold. First, the authors elaborate the phases and capabilities necessary for service business development. Second, they argue that these phases and capabilities depend on sales channels (direct sales versus indirect sales through distributors) and customer structures (a limited number of strategic customers versus many end-customers). SMEMs selling directly to a limited number of strategic customers develop organizational capabilities through four phases: (1) consolidation of service offerings, (2) job enlargements in organizational functions, (3) job enlargement in the key account teams, and (4) orchestration of partner...

Abstract: This paper introduces a series of iterative designs that investigate how the aggregation and visualization of student-contributed work can support collaborative problem solving in the domain of physics. We investigate how new technologies can enable students to contribute to a shared knowledge base, working across contexts: in class, at home, and in a specialized "smart classroom" environment. We explore how student data can be provided to the teacher before class, in support of planning the next day's lesson, and during class, to help the teacher orchestrate class activities and respond to student needs. Our work builds upon the research tradition of knowledge communities and inquiry learning to inform its design of materials and activities that support productive collaborative interactions for learners. We are also guided by the recent literature on scripting and orchestration to define curricular activities that bridge home and school environments, leveraging a digital platform that includes Web 2.0 features to guide structured collaborations. This paper reports on a design-based research program in which the development of the curriculum and technology platform is informed by successive cycles of design, enactment, analysis, and re-design. The paper will review our efforts through three successive design cycles, exploring the evolution of our own "smart classroom curriculum" for high school physics. For each iteration, we present our design goals, the resulting curriculum and technology, the student learning outcomes, and our evaluation that informs the next iteration. We end with a description of our current design, and discuss the goals and directions of our future efforts.

Abstract: Resource-based view (RBV) theory has been discussed in strategic ­management and Information Systems (IS) for many years. Although many ­extensions and elaborations of RBV have been published over the years, to a considerable extent, most of them have identified critical resources and investigated the impact of resources on competitive advantage and/or other organization issues such as corporative environmental performance, profitability, and strategic alliance. Nevertheless, the orchestration of resources seems to influence these results. There still remains the issue of resource relations in an organization, the internal interaction of resources, especially IT resources with non-IT resources and the process of IT resource interaction with other resources within a firm which we have called resource impressionability. To fill these gaps in IS literature, we propose the new concept of resource orchestration in order to answer resource impressionability issues during implementation of IT projects.

Abstract: More than five years have passed since the final release of the long-desired OASIS standard of a process language for Web Services orchestration, the Web Services Business Process Execution Language (BPEL). The aim of this standard was to establish a universally accepted Web Services orchestration language that forms a core part of service-oriented architectures and, because of standardization, avoids vendor lock-in. By now, several fully conformant engines should have arrived in the market. It is our aim to shed light on this situation and to provide a comprehensive picture of the current state of BPEL support. We present an evaluation of the standard conformance of five open source BPEL engines. To obtain these results we have developed betsy, a tool that allows for a fully-automatic standard conformance testing of BPEL engines. The results demonstrate that full standard conformance in contemporary engines is still far from given.

Abstract: Purpose – Mashups have been studied extensively in the literature; nevertheless, the large body of work in this area focuses on service/data level integration and leaves UI level integration, hence UI mashups, almost unexplored. The latter generates digital environments in which participating sources exist as individual entities; member applications and data sources share the same graphical space particularly in the form of widgets. However, the true integration can only be realized through enabling widgets to be responsive to the events happening in each other. The authors call such an integration “widget orchestration” and the resulting application “mashup by orchestration”. This article aims to explore and address challenges regarding the realization of widget‐based UI mashups and UI level integration, prominently in terms of widget orchestration, and to assess their suitability for building web‐based personal environments.Design/methodology/approach – The authors provide a holistic view on mashups and...

Abstract: Researchers and developers are pursuing increasingly sophisticated roles for autonomous systems. Whether working within networked systems as software agents or embedded in robots and unmanned vehicles, what makes these systems valuable is their intelligent, active, and adaptive nature. These qualities are often characterized in intelligent systems literature by the word "autonomy"-a catch-all label that highlights the qualities of self-directedness and self-sufficiency in task performance. Though continuing research to make machines more active, adaptive, and functional is essential, the point of increasing such proficiencies is not merely to make the machines more independent during times when unsupervised activity is desirable or necessary, but also to make them more capable of sophisticated interdependent joint activity with people and other machines when such is required. That means autonomous systems must support not only fluid orchestration of task handoffs among different people and machines, but also combined participation on shared tasks requiring continuous and close interaction. HART research seeks to bring together the best thinking from diverse research communities in order to advance current and anticipated applications of intelligent human-machine collaboration, including the participation of humans as first-class citizens in collaboration with autonomous systems. This would enable autonomous systems not merely to do things for people, but also to work together with people and other systems-the inevitable next leap-forward required in autonomous system design and deployment.

Abstract: A policy processing method and network device. The method includes: performing a mixed orchestration on all service rules corresponding to multiple services, so as to construct multiple condition sets; performing, according to the constructed multiple condition sets, unified condition matching on packet feature information of a received network packet, and outputting a condition matching result set; and calling, a service application to execute a policy action corresponding to each condition identifier in the condition matching result set. In solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, by performing a mixed orchestration on multiple service rules, all service rules are organized in a unified manner, information required by all services is extracted in one packet scanning process, and only one matching and rule verification process is required. Thereby, redundant operations between multiple services are reduced, and device integration and performance are improved.

Abstract: As the number of services and the size of data involved in workflows increases, centralized orchestration techniques are reaching the limits of scalability. When relying on web services without third-party data transfer, a standard orchestration model needs to pass all data through a centralized engine, which results in unnecessary data transfer and the engine to become a bottleneck to the execution of a workflow. As a solution, this paper presents and evaluates Circulate, an alternative service-oriented architecture which facilitates an orchestration model of central control in combination with a choreography model of optimized distributed data transport. Extensive performance analysis through the PlanetLab framework is conducted on a web service-based implementation over a range of Internet-scale configurations which mirror scientific workflow environments. Performance analysis concludes that our architecture's optimized model of data transport speeds up the execution time of workflows, consistently outperforms standard orchestration and scales with data and node size. Furthermore, Circulate is a less-intrusive solution as individual services do not have to be reconfigured in order to take part in a workflow.

Abstract: Orchestration refers to the real-time classroom management of multiple activities and multiple constraints conducted by teachers. Orchestration emphasizes the classroom constraints, integrative scenarios, and the role of teachers in managing these technology-enhanced classrooms. Supporting orchestration is becoming increasingly important due to the many factors and activities involved in the classroom. This paper presents the design and evaluation of TinkerLamp 2.0, a tangible tabletop learning environment that was explicitly designed to support classroom orchestration. Our study suggested that supporting orchestration facilitates teachers' work and leads to improvements in both the classroom atmosphere and learning outcomes.

Abstract: Partnerships among multiple organizations across a range of sectors that bring together multiple perspectives are a common way of addressing community health and building capacity. To function successfully, partnerships depend on the careful orchestration of a collaborative culture and the facilitation of collective action. Using a systematic method, we developed a synthesis of evidence about collaborative capacity building, integrating this diverse knowledge base into a usable framework. Seventeen published models of collaborative capacity building met the inclusion criteria and were combined to derive a matrix that could guide the actions of those responsible for partnership management. This matrix may make the process of developing partnerships less complicated in future.

Abstract: The analysis of modern business processes implemented as orchestration of software services demands for new approaches that explicitly take into account the inherent complexity and distribution characteristics of such processes. In this respect, Distributed Simulation (DS) offers a viable tool to cope with such a demand, due to the aggregation, scalability, representativeness and load balancing properties that it allows to achieve. However, the use of DS is mostly limited by the specialized technical know-how and the extra-development that DS requires with respect to approaches based on conventional local simulation. This paper proposes a model-driven method that enables the DS-based analysis of business processes by introducing the automated transformation of business process models into analysis models that are specified as Extended Queueing Network (EQN) models and executed as distributed simulations. The paper also presents an example application to a business process for an e-commerce scenario.

Abstract: Mobile apps are a success story for mobile devices, particularly in the consumer sector. Tailored to a specific task, they offer optimal usability for a defined class of devices. However, today's apps are neither designed to collaborate with complex workflows nor to support these. To overcome this limitation, we developed the concept of Mobile App Orchestration. This pragmatic model driven software generation approach makes it possible to use mobile apps even in complex industrial workflows. We demonstrate the entire development process in a use case and explain solutions and challenges of our approach. An experimental evaluation of a manually conducted orchestration with 11 participants supports our design hypothesis that the proposed approach can deliver usable mobile support systems for Virtual Factories.

Abstract: This paper describes a specification language and architecture for managing distributed software and mapped compute, storage and network infrastructure services dynamically, beyond the state of the art in cloud computing. This is referred to as dynamic application topology orchestration, where the mapping and configuration of distributed, interconnected, interdependent application services and infrastructure resources are dynamically adjusted, according to guarantees in Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and operational constraints. The viability and benefits of this architectural approach are compared against simpler strategies, to establish technical and business cases for the associated engineering effort.

Abstract: Service oriented computing (SOC) has brought a simplification in the way distributed applications can be built. Mainstream approaches, however, failed to support dynamic, self-managed compositions that would empower even non-technical users to build their own orchestrations. Indeed, because of the changeable world in which they are embedded, service compositions must be able to adapt to changes that may happen at run-time. Unfortunately, mainstream SOC languages, like BPEL and BPMN, make it quite hard to develop such kind of self-adapting orchestrations. We claim that this is mostly due to the imperative programming paradigm they are based on. To overcome this limitation we propose a radically different, strongly declarative approach to model service orchestration, which is easier to use and results in more flexible and self-adapting orchestrations. An ad-hoc engine, leveraging well-known planning techniques, interprets such models to support dynamic service orchestration at run-time.

Abstract: This study aims to increase understanding on how relatively vague aggregations of firms can be directed in a manner that facilitates innovation. In particular, we examine promotion of knowledge mobility as a part of innovation network orchestration. Literature review and a case study of an international innovation community indicate, first, that of prerequisites to knowledge mobility, common language and codification of knowledge are relevant, and, second, that regarding the orchestration activities, maintaining a balance between autonomous flexibility and network direction together with neutrality are needed in order to build common identity and trust required for knowledge mobility.