TL;DR: In this paper, the partial charge model is used to describe and predict condensation reactions in aqueous solutions, which can lead to small solute condensed species (polyanions or polycations) or to the formation of an infinite network (colloids, gels, or precipitates).
Abstract: The sol-gel synthesis of metal oxides can be performed via the hydrolysis and condensation of metal cations in aqueous solutions. This inorganic route provides a cheap and reliable way for industrial uses. However, many hydrolyzed precursors can be present simultaneously in the precursor solution and very few data are available on the formation of condensed species. The so-called Partial Charge Model provides a useful guide to describe and predict hydrolysis and condensation reactions in aqueous solutions. A charge-pH diagram can be established. It shows how condensation can be initiated via acid-base or redox reactions. The two basic condensation processes, olation and oxolation, are then discussed in terms of a charge-electronegativity diagram. They can lead either to small solute condensed species (polyanions or polycations) or to the formation of an infinite network (colloids, gels, or precipitates). Complexation by anionic species is finally discussed in the frame of an electronegativity-pH diagram. It also plays an important role during the formation of solid phases.
TL;DR: In this article, a variety of sols, gels, amorphous or crystalline precipitates emerge from hydrolysis of iron(III) in aqueous solution.
Abstract: At moderate temperatures, a variety of sols, gels, amorphous or crystalline precipitates emerge from hydrolysis of iron(III) in aqueous solution. The product distribution reflects the interplay of fast proton transfer, olation and aggregation reactions. Polynuclear oxohydroxocomplexes with well-defined structures are formed under favorable circumstances in homogeneous solution. Polynuclear species with β-FeO(OH) structures have been identified in chloride solutions.
TL;DR: In this article, the interaction of 8-quinolinol-5-sulfonate has been investigated by potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods, showing that the observed differences are essentially the result of the lower basicity of the sulfonate ligand.
Abstract: >The interaction of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), CU(II), Zn(II), h 8- hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate has been investigated by potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods. Formation constants have been claculated for chelates containing ligand to metal ion. Comparison of these stability constants with those obtained for 8-quinolinol itself shows that the observed differences are essentially the result of the lower basicity of the sulfonate ligand. The hydrolytic behavior of Fe(III), UO/sub 2/(VI), and Th(IV) chelates containing two unfilled coordination positions has been investigated quantitatively. The hydrolysis and olation tendencies of the 3:1 thorium and 2:1 uranyl and ferric chelates were found to the follow the order Fe(III) > Th(IV) > UO/sub 2/(VI). (auth)
TL;DR: In this article, the strength of copper-oxygen bonds controlled particle morphology through the formation of Cu(OH) 2 ǫ olation chains, which act as structure making factors and influence the specific interactions of constituent Cu 2+ ions with the ligand forming solutes in the mother liquors on the particle shapes.