TL;DR: Owls from the riverbanks at Fazenda Santa Fe had a more diverse diet, preying mainly on rodents that typically inhabit riparian grasslands and forests - Hylaeamys megacephalus and Oecomys spp.
Abstract: We collected and analyzed 286 Barn owl, Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769), pellets from two nests in different environments along the mid-Araguaia River in central Brazil. Our analyses revealed that these owls feed mainly on small mammals, especially rodents. Owls from the riverbanks at Fazenda Santa Fe had a more diverse diet, preying mainly on rodents that typically inhabit riparian grasslands - Holochilus sciureus Wagner, 1842 - and forests - Hylaeamys megacephalus (Fischer, 1814) and Oecomys spp., which probably also occur in forest borders or clearings. On the other hand, owls from an agroecosystem at Fazenda Lago Verde preyed mostly on rodent species common in these agrarian fields, Calomys tocantinsi Bonvicino, Lima & Almeida, 2003. Additionally, we compared small mammal richness estimates based on the analysis of owl pellets with estimates from live-trapping in the same areas. Owl pellets revealed two rodent species undetected by live traps - Euryoryzomys sp. and Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) - and four rodent species were trapped, but not found in owl pellets - Oecomys roberti Thomas, 1904, Pseudoryzomys simplex (Winge, 1887), Rhipidomys ipukensis Rocha, B.M.A. Costa & L.P. Costa, 2011, and Makalata didelphoides (Desmarest, 1817). Traps yielded higher species richness, but these two methods complement each other for surveying small rodents.
TL;DR: Oecomys tapajinus is a valid species from eastern Amazonia and the transition to the Brazilian Cerrado, where it is sympatric with O. roberti.
Abstract: Oecomys tapajinus (Tapajos Oecomys) is currently a junior synonym of Oecomys roberti (Robert’s Oecomys), a widely distributed Amazonian mouse, which probably represents a complex of cryptic species. We investigated the taxonomic status of O. tapajinus by integrating phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences and morphological analyses of museum specimens. We were able to confirm that O. tapajinus is a valid species from eastern Amazonia and the transition to the Brazilian Cerrado, where it is sympatric with O. roberti. Oecomys tapajinus is characterized by a unique combination of morphological traits, high morphological variation, and genetic differentiation and structure related to the complex system of the Amazon River. Potential additional entities within the O. roberti complex emerged from our analyses, and further investigation with larger series may shed light on the taxonomic status of this species complex. Oecomys tapajinus (rato-da-arvore do Tapajos) e atualmente considerado um sinonimo junior de Oecomys roberti (rato-da-arvore de Robert), um roedor amplamente distribuido na Amazonia, e que provavelmente representa um complexo de especies cripticas. Neste trabalho investigamos o status taxonomico de O. tapajinus, integrando analises filogeneticas de sequencias de ADN e analises morfologicas de especimes de museus. Confirmamos o status de O. tapajinus como uma especie valida que ocorre no este da Amazonia e na transicao com o Cerrado Brasileiro, onde e simpatrico com O. roberti. Oecomys tapajinus e caracterizado por uma combinacao unica de caracteres morfologicos, uma alta variacao morfologica, e uma diferenciacao e estrutura genetica associada ao sistema complexo do Rio Amazonas. Este trabalho tambem revelou outras potenciais unidades dentro do complexo O. roberti que merecem investigacao adicional com maiores series amostrais e que irao ajudar a clarificar o status taxonomico deste complexo de especies.