TL;DR: It is suggested that the occurrence of butterfly species which deposit eggs in clusters is more common than the literature indicates and that data on egg deposition patterns in natural populations of nymphalids in North America, in particular for Phyciodes, Chlosyne, Euphydryas, and Nymphalis species, would support this conclusion.
Abstract: Egg clustering is found in certain butterfly groups such as nymphalids, pierids, and acraeids, but rarely in papilionids, satyrids, danaiids, riodinids, and hesperiids. I suggest that the occurrence of butterfly species which deposit eggs in clusters is more common than the literature indicates and that data on egg deposition patterns in natural populations of nymphalids in North America, in particular for Phyciodes, Chlosyne, Euphydryas, and Nymphalis species, would support this conclusion. Egg deposition patterns are a response to the structural and ecological characteristics of the larval host plants. The advantages of egg-clustering appear to be related to aposematic coloration in butterflies (eggs, larvae, and adults), although a particular stage in the life cycle of a butterfly that lays eggs singly may be aposematically colored.
TL;DR: This work studies the effects of combining one morphological data set with four molecular data sets for a group of butterflies belonging to the tribe Nymphalini using partitioned Bremer support and suggests that Inachis should be synonymized with Aglais, Roddia with Nymphalis, and Kaniska with Polygonia.
TL;DR: Evidence presented gives only moderate support for a monophyletic Vanessa in the wide sense, but strong support for the monophyly of the largely holarctic clade Aglais + Inachis + Nymphalis + Polygonia + Kaniska + Roddia .
TL;DR: The benthic macro invertebrate fauna and physico-chemical parameters in Okpoka creek sediments was studied for a period of one year and positive relationship exi sts between salinity and salinity, pH and temperature was strongly related with Ophidonais serpentine, Arenicola marina, Notomastus latreila and Tellina nymphalis.
Abstract: The benthic macro invertebrate fauna and physico-chemical parameters in Okpoka creek sediments was studied for a period of one year. A total of nineteen (19) species(Ophidon ais serpentina, Arenicola marina, Eunice harassi, Marphysa sanguinea, Capitella capitata, Notomastus latrella, Notomastus tenuis, Glycera capitata, Glycera convoluta, Nereis diver sicolor, Ne reis pelagica, Ner eis virens, Nephthys hombergi, Nototropis swamidami, Cliber anus coo ci, Iphinoe tripa nosa, Chir onomus abla biesmia, Tellina nymphalis andTympanotonus fuscatus) of benthic invertebrates' fauna belonging four (4) phyla (Annelida, Amphipoda, Arthropoda and Mollusca), six (6) classes (Oligochaeta Polychaeta Crustacea Insecta Bivalvia and Gastropoda) and twelve (12) families (Naididae Arenicol idae Eunicidae Capitellidae Glyceridae Nereidae Nephthyldae Gammaridae Callianassidae Chironomidae Tellidae) were found in the Okpoka creek during the study. Polychaeta with six (6) families and twelve (12) species and percentage composition of 63.2% occurred most; followed by Crustacean with six (2) families and twelve (3) species and percentage composition of 15.8%. The rest families (Oligochaeta, Insecta, Bivalvia, Gastropoda) each with a family and specie occurred least. pH had a positive relationship with Ophidonais serpentine, Arenicola marina, Nereis diversicolor, Nereis pelagea, Nereis Virens, Nephthys hom bergi, Iphinoe tripanosa and Tellina nymphalis, whereas temperature was strongly related with Arenicola marina, Notomastus latreila, Notomastus tenius, Marphysa sanguinea, Glycera convoluta, , Nereis diversicolor, Nereis pelagea, Nereis Virens, Nephthys hombergi, Iphinoe tripanosa and Tellina nymphalis, and Cliberanus cooci. A positive relationship exi sts between salinity and Notomastus latreila, Glycera convoluta Nototropis swamidami, Cliberanus cooci, Iphinoe tripanosa and Tellina nymphalis. Similarly, dissolved Oxygen and Notomastus latreila, Notomastus tenius, Eunice harassi, Marphysa sanguinea, Marphysa sanguinea, Ner eis diversicolor, Ne phthys hom bergi, Clibernarius cooci , Iphinoe tripanosa and Tellina nymphalis. Str ongly related. Biochemical Oxygen demand exhibited po sitive relationship w ith Ophidonais serpentine, Eunice harassi, Glycera capitata, Nereis diversicolor, Nereis pelagea, Nephthys hombergi, Nototropis swa midami and Tellina nymphalis . Conductivity related strongly with Ophidonais serpentine, Notomastus latreila, Marphysa sanguinea, Glycera convoluta, Nereis diversicolor, Nereis pelagea, Clibernarius cooci, Iphinoe tripanosa and Tympanotonus fuscatus.
TL;DR: Predator defense may not be the sole function of glandular secretions produced by herbivorous insects; secretions may also mediate interactions among herbivores that use a common resource.
Abstract: Beetles secrete an array of chemicals generally believed to mitigate attack by predators. Methylcyclopentanoid monoterpenes secreted by larvae of the willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora, deter feeding by conspecific adults. Furthermore, the secretion elicits a strong repugnancy response in larvae of another willow herbivore, Nymphalis antiopa. Leaves bearing beetle larvae are less likely than leaves not bearing beetles to be frequented and consumed by Nymphalis larvae. Predator defense may not be the sole function of glandular secretions produced by herbivorous insects; secretions may also mediate interactions among herbivores that use a common resource.