Nutrient management

Abstract: 1. Introduction. 2. Basic Soil-Plant Relationships. 3. Soil Acidity and Alkalinity. 4. Nitrogen. 5. Phosphorus. 6. Potassium. 7. Sulfur, Calcium, and Magnesium. 8. Micronutrients. 9. Soil Fertility Evaluation. 10. Basics of Nutrient Management. 11. Nutrients, Water Use, and Other Interactions. 12. Economics of Plant-Nutrient Use. 13. Agricultural Productivity and Environmental Quality. Index.

Abstract: Nutrient cycles link agricultural systems to their societies and surroundings; inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus in particular are essential for high crop yields, but downstream and downwind losses of these same nutrients diminish environmental quality and human well-being. Agricultural nutrient balances differ substantially with economic development, from inputs that are inadequate to maintain soil fertility in parts of many developing countries, particularly those of sub-Saharan Africa, to excessive and environmentally damaging surpluses in many developed and rapidly growing economies. National and/or regional policies contribute to patterns of nutrient use and their environmental consequences in all of these situations ( 1 ). Solutions to the nutrient challenges that face global agriculture can be informed by analyses of trajectories of change within, as well as across, agricultural systems.

Abstract: 1. The Soils Around Us. 2. Formation of Soils from Parent Materials. 3. Soil Classification. 4. Soil Architecture and Physical Properties. 5. Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior. 6. Soil and the Hydrologic Cycle. 7. Soil Aeration and Temperature. 8. Soil Colloids: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical Activity. 9. Soil Acidity. 10. Soils of Dry Regions: Alkalinity, Salinity, and Sodicity. 11. Organisms and Ecology of the Soil. 12. Soil Organic Matter. 13. Nitrogen and Sulfur Economy of Soils. 14. Soil Phosphorus and Potassium. 15. Micronutrient and Other Trace Elements. 16. Practical Nutrient Management. 17. Soil Erosion and Its Control. 18. Soils and Chemical Pollution. 19. Geographic Soils Information. 20. Global Soil Quality as Affected by Human Activities. Appendix A: Canadian and FAO Soil Classification Systems. Appendix B: SI Unit Conversion Factors and Periodic Table of the Elements. Glossary. Index.

Abstract: This paper provides a comprehensive review of literature related to the assessment of climate change impacts on crop productivity using climate, water and crop yield models. The existing studies present that climate change models with higher spatial resolution can be a way forward for future climate projections. Meanwhile, stochastic projections of more than one climate model are necessary for providing insights into model uncertainties as well as to develop risk management strategies. It is projected that water availability will increase in some parts of the world, which will have its own effect on water use efficiency and water allocation. Crop production can increase if irrigated areas are expanded or irrigation is intensified, but these may increase the rate of environmental degradation. Since climate change impacts on soil water balance will lead to changes of soil evaporation and plant transpiration, consequently, the crop growth period may shorten in the future impacting on water productivity. Crop yields affected by climate change are projected to be different in various areas, in some areas crop yields will increase, and for other areas it will decrease depending on the latitude of the area and irrigation application. Existing modelling results show that an increase in precipitation will increase crop yield, and what is more, crop yield is more sensitive to the precipitation than temperature. If water availability is reduced in the future, soils of high water holding capacity will be better to reduce the impact of drought while maintaining crop yield. With the temperature increasing and precipitation fluctuations, water availability and crop production are likely to decrease in the future. If the irrigated areas are expanded, the total crop production will increase; however, food and environmental quality may degrade. 2009 National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science in China Press. All rights reserved.