Abstract: A sample dynamic scaling technique is shown that avoids both the overflow and underflow problems that are often encountered in the evaluation of normalization constants of closed product-form queuing networks W~th dynamic scaling, normalization constants for very large routing chain population sizes can be evaluated within the bounds of a relauvely small range of numbers. It is shown that the product-form solution possesses a local balance property and the M ~, M property with respect to routing chains. The relationships between normahzaUon constants of closed networks and certain equilibrium aggregate state probabdities in networks that permit external arrivals and departures are examined. The growth behavior of normalization constants is shown to be modeled by a birth-death process traversing over the set of chain population vectors

Abstract: We have developed a multi-stage computer algorithm to transform non-normally distributed data to a normal distribution. This transformation is of value for calculation of laboratory reference intervals and for normalization of clinical laboratory variates before applying statistical procedures in which underlying data normality is assumed. The algorithm is able to normalize most laboratory data distributions with either negative or positive coefficients of skewness or kurtosis. Stepwise, a logarithmic transform removes asymmetry (skewness), then a Z-score transform and power function transform remove residual peakedness or flatness (kurtosis). Powerful statistical tests of data normality in the procedure help the user evaluate both the necessity for and the success of the data transformation. Erroneous assessments of data normality caused by rounded laboratory test values have been minimized by introducing computer-generated random noise into the data values. Reference interval endpoints that were estimated parametrically (mean +/- 2 SD) by using successfully transformed data were found to have a smaller root-mean-squared error than those estimated by the non-parametric percentile technique.

Abstract: Neurotensin (NT) is a tridecapeptide heterogeneously distributed in the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract of various mammals, including man. The peptide has been shown to possess many pharmacological properties that are similar to those of neuroleptic drugs: induces hypothermia and muscle relaxation, reduces spontaneous and amphetamine-induced locomotion, and potentiates ethanol and barbiturate sedation.’ Like neuroleptics, centrally administered NT also increases the synthesis of brain dopamine and elevates the concentration of the principal dopamine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA).‘ In the present study, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of immunoreactive NT:’ in 12 physically and mentally healthy volunteers (20-42 yr; median 26.5 yr) were compared with the CSF levels of NT from 21 age-matched schizophrenic patients (20-40 yr; median 26 yr). The CSF from most of the patients (n = 15) were drawn during both drug-free and neuroleptic-treated phases. The patients were hospitalized and had suffered from schizophrenia for 3-14 yr (median 5 yr). Diagnoses were assessed according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria. The CSF levels of NT for the healthy volunteers were 240.4 f 30.5 pg/ml (mean f SEM; TABLE 1). In contrast to the healthy volunteers, the schizophrenics showed a bimodal distribution of NT during the drug-free phase (p < 0.005). A subgroup of nine patients had markedly lower NT levels (46.7 _t 6.5 pg/ml) compared to the remainder of the schizophrenics (n = 12), who had CSF levels of NT in the same range as the healthy volunteers (249 f 29.2 pg/ml). Of particular interest was the finding that during neuroleptic treatment, the CSF levels increased in the schizophrenic group with low drug-free values to the same concentrations as for the group with the normal drug-free NT levels (278 f 37.9 and 282.8 f 93.6 pg/ml, respectively; TABLE 1). Observed and reported schizophrenic symptoms were scored according to the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS).4 The schizophrenics with low NT levels in CSF had significantly higher scores of psychomotor retardation than the schizophrenics with normal drug-free NT levels in CSF (p < 0.02). Also, the three patients with a catatonic form of schizophrenia all belonged to the group with the low drug-free NT levels in CSF. The concept that the pathogenesis of major mental disorders is primarily due to alterations in monoaminergic neu-

Abstract: Some new properties of the Lagrange multiplier μ introduced through the normalization constraint on ρ in the variations of energy density functionals are determined. Through arguments concerning the homogeneity properties of these functionals with respect to μ, it is demonstrated that at the point of variation μ = μ0 = E0/N, where E0 is the ground state energy and N is the total particle number. It is also shown that the value of μ0 is independent of the normalization imposed on ρ. The interpretation of μ0 as a chemical potential is discussed in the light of these findings.

Abstract: The structural dominance method of Litz is generalized to aid in determining not only the dominant modes, as in the original method, but also the most sensitive state variables and the most effective inputs of a linear, large-scale system. Through the addition or modification of a number of features, the utility of the method to the control system designer has been greatly enhanced. These include: (a) avoiding the gain normalization procedure of the original method (which eliminates information on input/output sensitivity), (b) definition of input- and state-variable normalization elements (so as to permit evaluation of variable sensitivities by direct numerical comparison), and (c) generalization of a time-weighting technique (to assist in determining minimum order of the reduced system model). With the range of measures provided in the generalized method, the system designer can now introduce both subjective and objective criteria quite naturally into the selection of a control structure (choice of meas...

Abstract: This paper is concerned with the following four aspects of the discrete utterance recognition problem: utterance normalization, dynamic programming (DP) algorithm implementation, boundary error effects, and the importance of the transition states in speech, Performance sensitivity as a function of each aspect of the problem is comparatively studied utilizing several available alternatives, and significant conclusions are drawn regarding each of them. The concept of proportional normalizing is introduced as an effective method of handling the utterance normalization problem. The implications of this method and the conventional mean normalizing method are discussed. In general, normalization by either of these techniques is seen to be about equally effective and leads to substantial improvement in recognition score. Next, several alternative implementations of the dynamic programming algorithm are investigated and their performances are compared. Finally, improved recognition performance is obtained by introducing a smoothing technique which emphasizes the importance of the transition states in speech. A database consisting of the utterances of the alpha-digit vocabulary produced by several male and female speakers is used to conduct all the experiments.

Abstract: Loop gain normalization is employed in adaptive filters to control weighting of the filter characteristic updates in order to converge properly to a desired filter characteristic. Filter stability and rapid high quality convergence is realized for a variety of received or inputted signals by employing both long term and fast attack estimates of a prescribed input signal characteristic to normalize the update gain. In one embodiment, both long term and fast attack input signal power estimates are generated and one of the two estimate values is selected to normalize the update gain. Specifically, the fast attack estimate is modified by a predetermined value and, then, the larger of the long term estimate and modified fast attack estimate is selected to normalize the update gain.

Abstract: We present a new, fast method for discrete utterance recognition of telephone bandwidth speech. The method is based on speech coding by vector quantization and minimum cross-entropy pattern classification. Separate vector quantization codebooks are designed from training sequences for each word in the recognition vocabulary. Inputs from outside the training sequence are classified by performing vector quantization and finding the codebook that achieves the lowest average distortion per speech frame. The new method obviates time normalization and uses approximately 6000 bits to represent each utterance in the recognition vocabulary. Preliminary limited testing on speaker dependent digit recognition has demonstrated excellent performance. Detailed tests are now in progress.

Abstract: We study the loss of significant βits (Ξbase β digits) in floating point addition or subtraction. To do this, we calculate the conditional probability of a post-arithmetic normalization shift of m βits, given an exponent difference of k βits. The study is done for various bases β, under two different assumptions—that the operands are selected at random from the logarithmic distribution or from the uniform distribution.

Abstract: A z transform filter theory method for the normalization of the instrument responses of several seismographs is presented. In this method, an inverse filter is derived by consideration of the seismometer/recorder characteristics which may be applied to a given seismogram to convert the system frequency response to that of a reference system. Inverse filters are derived for the seismographs used on the 1978 Yellowstone-Snake River Plain seismic profiling experiment. It is shown by application to these data that the inverse filters are effective in amplitude normalization and that their use allows improvement in the amplitude and waveform character of seismic record sections.

Abstract: The mass profiles of urine samples and their reproducibility (coefficient of variation) obtained by field-ionization mass spectrometry (volcano source) depend upon the choice of normalization method. We compared six different normalization techniques in terms of improved reproducibility and sensitivity. Several simple procedures markedly improved reproducibility while preserving the high degree of sensitivity. Although these procedures gave similar and satisfactory results, others were clearly inferior and are not recommended for clinical profiling.

Abstract: A method for calculating the expected errors in |Eh| values is outlined. It is based on the precision of the measured data and the Wilson-plot parameters: and allows for errors arising from the use of the profile scaling function and/or the index rescaling procedure in the normalization scheme. Six refined structures are used to test the estimated errors in |Eh| against values deduced from a comparison with the 'true' normalized structure factor |\cal Eh|.

Abstract: Normalization is concerned with the whole range of human services. The normalization principle complements the development of new programmes and concepts. Significant issues from the normalization literature are appraised, misinterpretations discussed, and the normalization formulations' theoretical status considered. It is found that there are no comprehensive theoretical propositions or substantial empirical evidence which offer serious challenges to normalization. Future indications for residential models show that independent living community based facilities, opportunities for disabled persons to participate in residential planning, and defining residential and related needs are important issues.

Abstract: X-Y position measurement apparatus is employed with feedback controlled X-Y positioning apparatus for positioning a workpiece stage at a desired X-Y coordinate position in response to signals indicative of the actual position and the desired position of the workpiece stage. A normalization circuit is employed for gain correction of the signals indicative of the actual position of the workpiece stage.

Abstract: The resonance behaviour of a system of three neutrons is considered. For the quantum numbers (T. S, L) = (2/3, 1/2, 1−) and s-wave Yamaguchi two-particle interaction the dominating pole pair of the S-matrix is determined. To find the pole positions and the asymptotic normalization parameters contour deformation technique has been applied to solve the homogeneous Faddeev equation on the unphysical sheets of the S-matrix. For the positions and the asymptotic normalization constants of the dominating pole pair the values zp=(−88·0∓i27·9) keV and C p 2 = −0.05±i0·1 are obtained. Although the pole pair is close to the real axis in the complex energy plane it is not expected to cause an observable experimental effect due to the smallness of the asymptotic normalization constant.

Abstract: Investigations of semantic normalization of discourse have not generally controlled for perceived connectiveness of materials, depth of processing, and retention interval. The current experiment investigated semantic normalization in paraphrase and recall as a function of whether sentences were paraphrased or merely copied, of whether sentences were perceived by subjects to be connected or unrelated, and of retention interval. Results indicated that significantly more normalization occurred in paraphrase than in recall, that more normalization and better recall occurred when sentences were perceived as related, and that there was more normalization and better recall when sentences were paraphrased than when they were copied. No significant differences in normalization were found as a function of retention interval. Results are discussed in terms of depth of processing and a need for learners to integrate congruent and discrepant material into cohesive entities by use of grammatical articles, article changes, and intrusions that psychologically connect unrelated sentences.

Abstract: Current speech recognition techniques can usually determine accurately the vowels within a particular word since vowels are of relatively long duration and change character slowly. Within the class of consonants, the stop consonants are often hard to differentiate due to their short duration and transient nature. In isolated word recognition, a time normalization step is required before comparing the unknown word with reference word templates. Recursive estimation techniques should make transient sound recognition more accurate and eliminate the necessity of time normalization. The approach presented here utilized the recursive exact least square ladder form estimation algorithm to determine an autoregressive model (hence a spectral representation) of the speech. This recursive algorithm updates its representation at every speech sample using exponentially weighted past data. Thus it is possible to track the spectral changes in the speech without much time smearing. By using an appropriate multidimensional speech parameterization, the space spanned by various speech sounds should allow subdivisions to be associated with each of the phonemes. Currently, cluster regions for vowels in the F1-F2 space are known. Using a more extensive parameterization suited for transition type sounds, should extend the accuracy of consonant recognition and remove the requirement of normalization. The recursive ladder technique will be explained and its estimation behavior illustrated. The voiced stops /b/, /d/ and /g/ followed by different vowels were examined to determine the usefulness of recursive spectral estimation in differentiating these very similar transient sounds.

Abstract: Normalization is a technique for determining the optimal logical design of an integrated database, based on the obser vation that certain groupings of entities exhibit better proper ties in storage operations than do other groupings containing the same data. The basic principles of normalization theory are reviewed and the advantages it offers are illustrated. The author concludes by discussing the feasibility and desirabil ity of a division of labour in database administration with information scientists and computer scientists respectively managing the logical representation of the database and the physical maintenance of the database.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To remarkably shorten a necessary time for processing, by providing a function part for forecasting the generation of carry from an adder, and executing the processing of normalization and round-off in accordance with a deciding output result value of the function part. CONSTITUTION:A data of the product derived by multiplication of a mantissa is registered to an accumulator register 11 and an extended register 12. At first, processing of normalization is executed, and whether bits 0-3 of the register 11 are zero or not is discriminated. In case of zero, subsequently, whether lower digits than a bit 4 of the register 11 are all ''1'' or not is decided by a carry generation forecasting circuit 15 in accordance with whether an output signal CLHAD of the circuit 15 is true or false, and only when the signal CLHAD is false, the registers 11 and 12 are left bit-shifted, and the normalization is executed. Subsequently, in case of round-off, addition by which a bit ''0'' of the register 12 is set as a carry-in (CI) input is executed. In this way, the processing sequence is simplified, the processing is executed at a high speed, and also operation of the exponential part is simplified.

Abstract: Normal distributions are the foundation of modern statistical procedures, which differ in their sensitivity to violation of the assumption of normality. This paper reports on the effectiveness of two different methods of normalizing distributions of discrete test score data. The scores of 971 Ontario high school students on the 22 scales of PRF-E (Jackson, 1974) were normalized using two variants of the cumulative proportions method and by a rank method. Neither cumulative procedure appreciably altered the modality or skewness of the distributions. The rank method succeeded in normalizing all the distributions, except for an occasional case of platykurtosis. It was concluded that normalization by ranks is to be preferred over cumulative methods for use in situations in which a statistical procedure is sensitive to violations of normality.