Abstract: In many democracies, parties use primary elections to nominate candidates. Primaries may help select quality candidates, but they can expose flaws and offend losing candidates’ supporters. Do divis...

Abstract: Liquid democracy allows members of an electorate to either directly vote over the available election alternatives, or delegate their voting rights to someone they trust Most of the liquid democracy literature and implementations allow each voter to nominate only one delegate per election However, if that delegate abstains, the voting rights assigned to her are left unused To minimise the number of unused delegations, it has been suggested that each voter should declare a personal ranking over voters she trusts In this paper, we show that even if personal rankings over voters are declared, the standard delegation method of liquid democracy remains problematic More specifically, we show that when personal rankings over voters are declared, it could be undesirable to receive delegated voting rights, which is contrary to what liquid democracy fundamentally relies on To solve this issue, we propose a new method to delegate voting rights in an election, called breadth-first delegation Additionally, the proposed method prioritises assigning voting rights to individuals closely connected to the voters who delegate

Abstract: Indonesia is a country that implements a presidential system and a multi-party system jointly. The implementation of general elections has been regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The presidential threshold is a concept used in proposing candidates for President and Vice President. Proposals are made by political parties or joining political parties by general election participants. This article analyzes the application of the presidential threshold after the Constitutional Court decision Number 114 / PUU-XI / 2013. The purpose of this writing is to determine the application of the Presidensitial threshold after the Constitutional Court decision Number 14 / PUU-XI / 013, and to determine the impact of the Constitutional Court decision number 14 / PUU-XI / 2013 on political parties. The research method used is qualitative and conceptual normative research methods. Based on this article, it is known that the application of the presidential threshold in which political parties must obtain seats 20% of the number of seats in the DPR or 25% of the valid votes nationally in the previous DPR elections, so that making new or small parties will not be able to nominate the President and Vice President themselves, but parties can form a coalition.

Abstract: During the 2016 election, Donald Trump won conservative support by promising that he would, if elected, nominate "pro-life" justices to the U.S. Supreme Court. Whether President Trump makes good on his campaign promise to restrict abortion rights may come down to competing impulses of the chief justice, John Roberts. These dueling dispositions-from the man whom many see as the new "swing justice"-hold the key to a blockbuster new case that legal historians call "the most unpredictable the Supreme Court has been on abortion in decades." The case, June Medical Services v. Russo, turns on arduous new requirements that Louisiana has imposed on facilities and clinicians that provide abortion. But the case is not just about abortion access. The Court will have to decide whether a clinic has a right to challenge the law in the first place.

Abstract: In the process of submitting manuscripts to journals it is still quite common for authors to be asked to nominate reviewers. We are unsure exactly how widespread this practice is and we pose the question: Should the practice of authors nominating reviewers continue?

Abstract: Objective:To nominate Australian psychiatrists no longer living who made a distinct international contribution and impact.Method:Personal choices were made in nominating five psychiatrists and with...

Abstract: Lasionycta leucocycla leucocycla (Staudinger) Figs 19–22. Map 6 Anarta leucocycla Staudinger, 1857: 296. The nominate subspecies occurs in arctic North America from Greenland and Ellesmere Island west to northern Yukon. It has a brown-gray forewing and a slightly brownish off-white hindwing, usually with a large discal spot both the dorsal and ventral surfaces. Th e maculation tends to be obscure with slight blurring of the lines and spots.

Abstract: Rhinolophus francisi thailandicus Soisook and Bates subsp. nov. (Figs. 1, 3–6; Tables 1–2) Holotype PSUZC-MM.2008.51 (field number PS080420.6), adult male, body in alcohol, skull and baculum extracted, collected by Pipat Soisook, Tuanjit Srithongchuay, Piyawan Niyomwan and Priwan Srisom, on 20 April, 2008. Type locality Pu Nam Ron Stream, Mae Nam Pha Chi WS., Ratchaburi Province, Western Thailand (13º15’N, 99º2’E, 431 m a.s.l.). Diagnosis This subspecies is very similar to the nominate subspecies from Borneo with a FA of 52.97 mm and a SL of 24.37 mm. The rostral swelling is relatively narrower than in the specimens from Borneo, with an AMSW and ALSW of 4.76 and 6.53 mm, respectively. The 3D1P is relatively short; it is 66.74% of the length of the 3D2P. The sagittal crest is less developed than in the nominate subspecies. Genetically, it differs from the nominate subspecies by 10.03% at a section of the cytochrome oxidase-I gene. Etymology The subspecific name, thailandicus, means ‘of or from Thailand’ indicating where this subspecies is found. The proposed English name of the subspecies is ‘ Thailand Woolly Horseshoe Bat’. Description and taxonomic notes As in the nominate subspecies from Borneo, the Thai subspecies, R. f. thailandicus is a mediumlarge Rhinolophus. The general appearance is similar to francisi from Borneo and overlaps in size, with a FA of 52.97 mm (Table 1). The body mass (MASS) is 16.0 g. The height of the ear is of 23.81 mm. The noseleaf width (NL) is 12.21 mm (Table 1). The wing measurements are larger than those of R. f. francisi; the third metacarpal (3MET) is 37.47 mm; the fourth (4MET) is 42.47 mm and the fifth metacarpal (5MET) is 43.99 mm (Table 1). In the skull, the SL and CCL are 24.37 mm and 21.72 mm, respectively (Table 2). The AMSW and ALSW are of 4.76 mm and 6.53 mm, respectively. The supraorbital ridge is very well defined and connected to a well-developed sagittal crest (Fig. 3a). The zygomatic breadth (ZB) is 12.16 mm which exceeds the mastoid width (MW), 11.31 mm (Fig. 3a; Table 2). Each zygoma has a distinct triangular-shaped dorsal arch (Fig. 3a). Both the upper and lower dentition are as in R. f. francisi but are slightly smaller in size; C–M3 is 9.30 mm; C1–C1 6.07 mm; M3–M3 8.86 mm. The palatal length (PL) is 3.21 mm (Table 2). The morphological comparison with other species is as in the nominate form of R. francisi. The size of Thai specimen is the smallest of the species. It is intermediate in size between the slightly larger R. beddomei and the slightly smaller R. trifoliatus (Tables 1–2; Fig. 5). As noted above, a future study with more specimens from Thailand may prove that the subspecies from Thailand is specifically distinct.

Abstract: Cloeotis percivali Thomas, 1901 Fig. 18 E–F Cloeotis Percivali Thomas, 1901: 28. * Cloeotis percivali australis Roberts, 1917: 264. In the CRB area, Cloeotis percivali is restricted to the southeastern Congolese provinces of Haut-Lomami and Haut-Katanga. Strangely enough, Jacobs (2013: 365) only refers to one locality: Shinkolobwe. Its Pan- African distribution reaches from southern DRC over Zambia and Zimbabwe to northwestern RSA and Swaziland. All of these records are assigned to C. p. australis. The nominate subspecies is restricted to southeastern Kenya and northeastern Tanzania, where it is known from a few isolated specimens.

Abstract: Scaling techniques such as the well known NOMINATE position political actors in a low dimensional space to represent the similarity or dissimilarity of their political orientation based on roll-call voting patterns. Starting from the same kind of data we propose an alternative, discrete, representation that replaces positions (points and distances) with niches (boxes and overlap). In the one-dimensional case, this corresponds to replacing the left-to-right ordering of points on the real line with an interval order. As it turns out, this seemingly simplistic one-dimensional model is sufficient to represent the similarity of roll-call votes by U.S. senators in recent years. In a historic context, however, low dimensionality represents the exception which stands in contrast to what is suggested by scaling techniques.

Abstract: Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) Gustafsson & Bush, new subgenus urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3487B0CA-0E09-4473-AB17-8DBB7D75DEA2 Brueelia Kéler, 1936: 257 (in part). Brueelia “clade C” Bush et al. 2016: 743, fig. 3c. Type species: Brueelia dicruri Ansari, 1955 ex Dicrurus macrocercus albirictus (Hodgson, 1836). Diagnosis. The subgenus Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) shares the following characters with the nominate subgenus: dorsal preantennal suture present; marginal carina interrupted at least medianly; pns and s4 present; as3 absent; psps present on tergopleurites IV–VII; setal rows absent on all tergopleurites in both sexes; ss present on tergopleurites II–VIII in both sexes; aps present on male tergopleurite VII; parameral heads folded medianly; gonopore open distally. However, species included in Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) can be separated from those in the nominate subgenus by two characters of the male genitalia: (1) gonopore positioned terminally in species of Guimaraesiella (Guimaraesiella), but subterminally in species of Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) (e.g. Figs 5, 12, 19); (2) rugose nodi present in species of Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) (e.g. Figs 5, 12, 19), but absent in species of Guimaraesiella (Guimaraesiella). Both these characters are found in at least some species included in the subgenera Guimaraesiella (Mohoaticus) Mey, 2017 and Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) Gustafsson et al., 2019a (gombakensis and tenella species groups). Hence, Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) may be closer to one or both of these subgenera than to Guimaraesiella sensu stricto. Notably, in the phylogeny of Bush et al. (2016: 742, fig. 3(b), clade A-5), the subgenus Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) was not placed close to the nominate subgenus; however, no member of the subgenus Guimaraesiella (Mohoaticus) was represented in that phylogeny, and relationships among the deeper nodes within Guimaraesiella sensu lato were poorly resolved. Species of Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) can be separated from species of Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) with rugose nodi by the following characters: (1) female subgenital plate with cross-piece in Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) (gombakensis and tenella species groups), but without cross-piece in Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) (e.g. Figs 7, 14, 21); (2) male gonopore ventral, near center of mesosome in Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) (both species groups), but subterminal in Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) (e.g. Figs 5, 12, 19); (3) ventral sclerite absent in Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) (gombakensis species group), but present in Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) (e.g. Figs 5, 12, 19); (4) parameral heads with corrugated section in Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) (both species groups), but without such corrugation in Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) (e.g. Figs 6, 13, 20); (5) dorsal preantennal suture completely separating dorsal anterior plate in Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) (tenella species group), but not separating the dorsal anterior plate in Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) (e.g. Figs 3, 10, 17). Species of Guimaraesiella (Mohoaticus) can be separated from Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) by the following characters: (1) dorsal preantennal suture not medially continuous median to ads and dorsal anterior plate continuous with roof of head in Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) (e.g. Figs 3, 10, 17), but suture medially continuous median to ads and dorsal anterior plate separated from roof of head in Guimaraesiella (Mohoaticus); (2) mesosomal lobes with straight or bulging lateral margins and rugose nodi either poorly delimited or on bulge in Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) (e.g. Figs 5, 12, 19), but with deeply sinuous lateral margins and rugose nodi clearly delimited ventrally by a noticeable ridge in Guimaraesiella (Mohoaticus); (3) gonopore smooth anteriorly in Guimaraesiella (Dicrurobates) (e.g. Figs 5, 12, 19), but serrated anteriorly in Guimaraesiella (Mohoaticus). Description. Both sexes. Head shape variable, but preantennal area typically long and roughly trapezoidal, with flattened frons (e.g. Figs 3, 10, 17). Marginal carina broad, with irregular inner margins, interrupted medianly but not laterally (except in species where dorsal preantennal suture reaches lateral margins of head); frons hyaline, continuous with dorsal preantennal suture which reaches at least dsms, and may reach ads and lateral margins of head; ventral anterior plate present; temporal and occipital carinae not visible; antennae sexually monomorphic; temples gently rounded. Head chaetotaxy as in e.g. Figs 3, 10, 17; as3 absent; mts3 only temporal macrosetae. Prothorax rectangular; psps on postero-lateral corners. Pterothorax roughly pentagonal, with lateral margins divergent and posterior margin either rounded or convergent to median point; mms moderately separated medianly. Meso- and metasterna not fused, each with 1 seta on each side on postero-lateral corners (e.g. Figs 1–2, 8–9, 15–16). Male tergopleurites II–IX+X and female tergopleurites II–VIII divided medianly; ventral sections of tergopleurites generally slender. Sternal plates rectangular, not approaching ventral sections of tergopleurites; accessory sternal plates absent (e.g. Figs 1–2, 8–9, 15–16). Male. Abdominal chaetotaxy sparse, differing slightly between species. Subgenital plate roughly triangular, lateral margins typically irregular (e.g. Figs 1, 8, 15). Genitalia: basal apodeme rectangular, with rounded anterior end, often constricted at mid-length (e.g. Figs 4, 11, 18). Proximal mesosome variable, typically quadratic or rectangular, narrow compared to distal mesosome; ventral sclerite present, variable between species; mesosomal lobes gener-ally wider than proximal mesosome, with distinct bulging nodi lateral to gonopore; these nodi are typically at least partially rugose; 2 ames sensilla and 2 pmes sensilla on each side (e.g. Figs 5, 12, 19). Parameral heads variable (e.g. Figs 6, 13, 20). Parameral blades tapering only distally, may be slightly elongated distal to mesosome; pst1 sensillus located proximal to pst2; pst2 microseta, near distal end of paramere (e.g. Figs 4, 6, 11, 13, 18, 20). Female. Abdominal chaetotaxy sparse, differing slightly among species. Subgenital plate broad in anterior half, narrowing in posterior half; lateral margins of posterior half often irregular; subgenital plate does not reach vulval margin, but expands distally into lateral submarginal bulges; few vms and vss on each side; vos follow lateral margins of subgenital plate, with at least 1 distal vos separated from other vos by a gap, and distal most vos typically situated on or near distal margin of subgenital plate, near vss (e.g. Figs 7, 14, 21). Host distribution. Species of Dicruridae, Oriolidae and Vangidae. Geographical range. Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan and Australo-Papuan regions; presumably present outside these regions wherever drongos occur. Etymology. The name Dicrurobates is formed by the host genus Dicrurus Vieillot, 1816 —from Greek “ dikros ” = “forked”, and “ oura ” = “tail”—combined with “ bates ”, Greek for “one who walks on something”.

Abstract: The legal significance of the requirement of a confirmation by the arbitral institution of the party’s nomination of an arbitrator has not so far been thoroughly explored. What is the nature of these institutional confirmations? Is there any such thing as a party appointment in ICC arbitration? What is the level of discretion enjoyed by the institution in deciding whether to confirm? Can a party mount a challenge on grounds that were unsuccessfully raised in objections to confirmation? Should institutional decisions on confirmations be reasoned? The author examines these questions based on his experience as past president of the ICC International Court of Arbitration (the Court).

Abstract: Lasionycta quadrilunata quadrilunata (Grote) Figs 54, 166, 222. Map 14 Anarta quadrilunata Grote, 1874b: 244 The nominate subspecies is light gray to light olive with contrasting dark lines and spots and pale areas, especially distal to the postmedial line and in the terminal area. It is restricted to the mountains of Colorado. Th is subspecies is most likely to be confused with L. dolosa with which it occurs. Differences between these taxa are described under L. dolosa.

Abstract: Laephotis angolensis Monard, 1935 Fig. 42 A–B Laephotis angolensis Monard, 1935: 45. * Laephotis wintoni angolensis (Monard, 1935). At the time Hayman et al. (1966) was written, the genus Laephotis was considered to be monotypic (Hill 1974: 1), with the nominate subspecies restricted to Kenya and L. w. angolensis occurring in Angola, Zambia, Botswana and the southern part of the DRC. However, based on cranial characteristics, Peterson (1971a: 888) found the two to be specifically different. Laephotis angolensis was reported by Hayman et al. (1966: 50, map 67) with 13 specimens from two localities in Haut-Katanga, and no further localities have been added since. Of these 11 were found to represent L. botswanae (Kearney & Seamark 2005: 73). Extralimitally, the species is further known from Angola, Zimbabwe and Zambia.

Abstract: This is the processed data from our manscript "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"

Abstract: Prometheus zagraea salvina (Westwood, 1877) (Fig 1I) Castnia salvina Westwood, 1877:190-191, lam. 32, fig. 1 [Panama] Gazera carilla Schaus, 1911: 192-193. [Costa Rica] Castnia (Doubledaya) columbina panamensis Talbot, 1929:70-71. [Panama] Zegara zagraea salvina (Westwood); Lamas, 1995:85. [Lamas (1995) considers carilla (Schaus) a synonym of zagraea salvina (Westwood)] Zegara carilla, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 24. Zegara columbina, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 24. Prometheus zagraea salvina (Westwood); González & Domagała, 2019:17. Even though it is not uncommon, very little is known about this species whose two recognized ssp. can be found from Colombia to Central America (Lamas 1995, Miller 1986). The nominate ssp. has been associated with Aechmea magdalenae (André) André ex Baker (Bromeliaceae) (Miller, 1986), thus it should not be surprising that P. zagraea salvina feeds on another bromeliad within its range. This particular ssp. was previously known from Costa Rica and Panama (Lamas 1995), thus this new report from northern Nicaragua considerably expands its geographic range. The species P. zagraea has been mentioned as a member of a mimicry complex that includes different families of Lepidoptera (Miller 1986, González et al. 2010; González & Hernández-Baz 2012). One of the co-authors (EVDB) was able to obtain detailed information on associated species from Cerro Jesus, Nicaragua. In this locality, several “tiger-patterned” Lepidoptera co-exist and the Mullerian mimetic ring is complex. Several associated lepidopterans fly synchronously: Chetone angulosa (Walker, 1854) (Erebidae), Lycorea halia atergatis Doubleday, 1847, Mechanitis polymnia (L. 1758), Eueides isabella (Stoll, 1781), Heliconius ismenius Latreille, [1817], Consul fabius cecrops (Doubleday, [1849]) (Nymphalidae). Even though both, males and females of P. zagraea salvina present the basic “tiger-pattern” of the others in the mimicry complex, females have broader wings and are larger, and the males seem to mimic different species. Even though the typical flight pattern of Castniidae is fast, both sexes of P. zagraea salvina adopt the slow flight pattern of Heliconius butterflies. Besides this castniid, the other Batesian mimic found in the area was C. fabius cecrops, which is not very common. Also, three specimens of Chetone angulosa were attracted to a light trap the night before the specimens of P. z. salvina were collected, however, this Erebidae was not active during the day but it behaves exactly as does P. z. salvina. Material Examined: NICARAGUA: 5 Ƌ, 1 ♀, Nueva Segovia, Cerro Jesus, 13°57´47.12”N 86°10´17.51”W, 988m, 15. V.2018 leg E. van den Berghe, active at noon (EVDB)

Abstract: The Democrats' decision to nominate Joe Biden for 2020 was hardly a fluke but rather a strategic choice by a party that had elevated electability above all other concerns. In Learning from Loss, one of the nation's leading political analysts offers unique insight into the Democratic Party at a moment of uncertainty. Between 2017 and 2020, Seth Masket spoke with Democratic Party activists and followed the behavior of party leaders and donors to learn how the party was interpreting the 2016 election and thinking about a nominee for 2020. Masket traces the persistence of party factions and shows how interpretations of 2016 shaped strategic choices for 2020. Although diverse narratives emerged to explain defeat in 2016 - ranging from a focus on 'identity politics' to concerns about Clinton as a flawed candidate - these narratives collectively cleared the path for Biden.

Abstract: This is the processed data from our manscript "Human and rat skeletal muscle single-nuclei multi-omic integrative analyses nominate causal cell types, regulatory elements, and SNPs for complex traits"