Showing papers on "NOMINATE published in 1996"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present evidence concerning women's representation in Canada's provincial legislative assemblies over a 20-year period (1975-1994) and find that women are more likely to be nominated primarily in districts where a party does not expect to win.
Abstract: This article presents evidence concerning women's representation in Canada's provincial legislative assemblies over a 20-year period (1975–1994). Data from 3,755 elections and over 11,000 candidates are analyzed to inspect trends in representation. The authors find there has been a gradual increase in both female candidates and legislators. The New Democratic party has clearly been the leader in putting women on the ballot and into legislatures at the provincial level. In addition, hypotheses are tested to see if there are differences across provinces in parties' willingness to nominate and elect women, and whether women are more likely to be nominated primarily in districts where a party does not expect to win. The study finds that the Atlantic provinces lagged behind the rest of Canada as representation increased markedly everywhere else in the late 1980s and the 1990s. There is also evidence that the major parties nominated female challengers in ridings that were inferior to the ridings where the party's male challengers ran in the mid- to late-1970s. By the mid-1980s, however, evidence that women were treated as sacrificial lambs had disappeared.
46 citations
TL;DR: Parties and the Law Workshop on Parties and Law as discussed by the authors was the first workshop devoted to the relationship between American political parties and the law, focusing on the impact of decisions rendered by the United States Supreme Court.
Abstract: Political scientists have long been aware of the relationship between American political parties and the law. That relationship began prior to the turn of the century when states introduced the government-printed Australian ballot, an innovation which required states to determine the standards for parties to gain access to that ballot. Those early laws set the stage for the later Progressive-inspired laws imposing on officially recognized parties a variety of regulations, most notably the requirement that the parties nominate their candidates through the process of primary elections. In recent years political scientists have supplemented this traditional focus on the historical impact of state laws on party development with a new focus: the impact on parties of decisions rendered by the judiciary, especially by the United States Supreme Court. It is this later development which inspired the Political Organizations and Parties Section of the American Political Science Association to sponsor a workshop on "Parties and the Law" at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the Association. Three of the papers presented at that workshop are included in this issue of The American Review of Politics.
1 citations
Book•
28 Nov 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, a history of the Bank's presidents can provide a window on the evolution of the insitution, also providing a brief overview of the history of this important international institution.
Abstract: All the Bank's presidents have been U.S. citizens. According to an unwritten convention, it is the prerogative of the United States to nominate the president. The book describes who those presidents were, how they came to the Bank, and what experiences they brought with them. The essays also analyse the problems these men encountered during their tenure and how they dealt with them, discuss the impact each president had on the evolution of the bank- on its policies and operations and on its organizational character-and, finally, describe the legacies of those presidents. To the extent that a history of the Bank's presidents can provide a window on the evolution of the insitution, this book also provides a brief overview of the history of this important international institution.
12 Sep 1996
TL;DR: The Court-packing debates of 1937 overshadowed the retirement of Justice Willis Van Devanter, who had served on the Supreme Court for over 25 years.
Abstract: Abstract The Court-packing debates in the Senate and across the country raged throughout the spring and early summer of 1937, and during that time, many people forgot that Justice Willis Van Devanter, on May 18, 1937, had given President Roosevelt his letter of retirement from the Court at the end of the 1936–1937 term. Van Devanter was one of four extremely conservative jurists on the Court, the others being James McReynolds, George Sutherland, and Pierce Butler. This extremely cohesive conservative quartet, with occasional voting support from Owen Roberts or Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, dominated the Supreme Court for over two decades. Justice Van Devanter was appointed by President William Howard Taft in 1911, after serving as a federal appeals court judge in Wyoming. On the Court for over twnety-five years, he wrote fewer opinions than any of his brethren who served with him—averaging three a term during his last decade on the Court. He was a very remote, reserved, tightly disciplined, and inner-directed person who suffered from a severe case of chronic writer’s block.