Abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantitatively combine and examine the results of studies pertaining to physical activity and cognition in children. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were coded based on design and descriptive characteristics, subject characteristics, activity characteristics, and cognitive assessment method. Effect sizes (ESs) were calculated for each study and an overall ES and average ESs relative to moderator variables were then calculated. ESs (n = 125) from 44 studies were included in the analysis. The overall ES was 0.32 (SD = 0.27), which was significantly different from zero. Significant moderator variables included publication status, subject age, and type of cognitive assessment. As a result of this statistical review of the literature, it is concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning in children. Physical education is a field that advocates a holistic approach to human development. This approach emphasizes that the mind and body are one entity, and that anything that happens to one will affect the other. Physical educators therefore believe that the “whole child” comes to school to be educated and that this requires both mental and physical training. The relationship between physical activity and mental functioning is of particular interest in the school system because such a large portion of the school day is spent working in the cognitive domain. In the 1950s and 1960s, there were a great number of studies that explored the mind-body relationship. However, since that time there have been relatively few studies in this area (18). According to Kirkendall (18), studies in the 1950s and 1960s were likely conducted in an attempt to justify the presence of exercise and physical education (PE) in our schools. However, in the 1970s it became widely accepted that PE programs are needed for their physical benefits, and therefore, the need to justify these programs for their cognitive benefits no longer existed. It seems that the need to justify exercise and PE programs in the schools has returned. PE programs are being cut from our schools in favor of “core academic” subjects. According to the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2000 (SHPPS 2000; 4), “the percentage of schools that require physical education in each grade declines from around 50% in grades 1 through 5, to 25% in grade 8, to only 5% in grade 12” (pp. 291-292). Also, according to the Centers for Disease Control and

Abstract: Using psychometric meta-analysis, the authors present a quantitative and qualitative review (k = 205, total pairwise N = 62,527) of the literature relating trait and state positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) to job-related attitudes, including job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intentions, and dimensions of job burnout. Results indicated substantial correlations, ranging in absolute value from -.17 (PA and turnover intentions; NA and personal accomplishment) to.54 (NA and emotional exhaustion). Correlational results largely were consistent across hypothesized and exploratory moderator conditions. Meta-analytic multiple regression results generally supported the unique contribution of each affect to each attitude variable of interest. Implications and suggestions for future research on emotion-related aspects of job attitudes are discussed.

Abstract: This study investigated whether organizational factors such as employees’ perceptions of management’s support for knowledge sharing, their perceptions of the organization’s social interaction culture, the organization’s size, and the organization’s available knowledge sharing technology, as well as whether individual factors such as age, gender, and organizational tenure had a significant impact on employees’ perceptions of a knowledge sharing culture. New measures to assess employees’ perceptions of management’s support for knowledge sharing, their perceptions of the organization’s social interaction culture, and the perceived knowledge sharing culture were developed. We found that perceptions of management’s support for knowledge sharing, and perceptions of a positive social interaction culture were both significant predictors of a perceived knowledge sharing culture. In addition, gender was a significant moderator: female participants required a more positive social interaction culture before they would perceive a knowledge sharing culture as positive as that perceived by their male counterparts.

Abstract: We conducted a meta-analysis of Rusbult’s Investment Model of commitment. Across 52 studies, including 60 independent samples and 11,582 participants, satisfaction with, alternatives to, and investments in a relationship each correlated significantly with commitment to that relationship. Moreover, these three variables collectively accounted for nearly two-thirds of the variance in commitment. Commitment, in turn, was found to be a significant predictor of relationship breakup. Support for the model was obtained in predicting commitment in both relational domains (e.g., commitment to a romantic partnership) and nonrelational domains (e.g., commitment to one’s job), but was significantly stronger in relational domains. Additional moderator analyses suggested that the associations between commitment and its theorized bases vary minimally as a function of demographic (e.g., ethnicity) or relational (e.g., duration) factors. We review theoretical strengths and shortcomings of the Investment Model and identify directions for future research. Research on social psychological dimensions

Abstract: Social dominance orientation (SDO) has been proposed as an important variable in the explanation of prejudice. We distinguish between three conceptualizations of SDO: SDO as a personality trait (personality model), SDO as a moderator of the effects of situational variables (Person Situation model), and SDO as a mediator of the effect of social position on prejudice (group socialization model [GSM]). Four studies (N 1,657) looking at the relations between social positions, SDO, and prejudice in a natural setting and in a laboratory setting provide strong support for the GSM. In contrast to previous correlational findings, there is evidence of a cause (dominant social position), an effect (prejudice increases), and a mediator (SDO). These results suggest new perspectives on the integration of individual and contextual determinants of prejudice. Understanding the social, cognitive, and motivational processes that contribute to intergroup perceptions and intergroup conflict

Abstract: Intention certainty, past behavior, self-schema, anticipated regret, and attitudinal versus normative control all have been found to moderate intention-behavior relations It is argued that moderation occurs because these variables produce “strong” intentions Stability of intention over time is a key index of intention strength Consequently, it was hypothesized that temporal stability of intention would mediate moderation by these other moderators Participants (N = 185) completed questionnaire measures of theory of planned behavior constructs and moderator variables at two time points and subsequently reported their exercise behavior Findings showed that all of the moderators, including temporal stability, were associated with significant improvements in consistency between intention and behavior Temporal stability also mediated the effects of the other moderators, supporting the study hypothesis

Abstract: One of the more revealing aspects of meta-analysis is the relationship between effect sizes and moderator variables representing differences among studies in their methods, samples, and interventions. However, interesting moderator variables are generally related to each other as well as to effect sizes. This confounding among moderator variables can make the results of any analysis focusing on a single moderator variable misleading. Despite the ambiguity of such results, this form of analysis is common in meta-analytic studies of intervention. The hazards and complexities of investigating and interpreting confounded moderator variables are illustrated in this article by the author's examining the difference in effect sizes associated with randomized versus nonrandomized designs in a large meta-analytic database of delinquency intervention studies.

Abstract: There have been few studies of the impact of intensive home-based early applied behavior analysis (ABA) intervention for children with autism on family functioning. In the present study, behavioral adjustment was explored in 78 siblings of children with autism on ABA programs. First, mothers' ratings of sibling adjustment were compared to a normative sample. There were no reported increases in behavioral adjustment problems in the present sample. Second, regression analyses revealed that social support functioned as a moderator of the impact of autism severity on sibling adjustment rather than a mediator or compensatory variable. In particular, siblings in families with a less severely autistic child had fewer adjustment problems when more formal social support was also available to the family. The implications of these data for future research and for practice are discussed.

Abstract: This study expands the general applicability of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) across cultures by incorporating cultural influence into its theoretical framework. Elements of Hofstede's cultural theory are incorporated into the TAM framework to examine the moderation effect of Power Distance on the relationship between Subjective Norms on the Perceived Usefulness of email in the context of the People's Republic of China. Moderated structural equation models (MSEMs) are used in the study to explore the moderating effect of Power Distance. The findings show that, contrary to some beliefs, the influence of Subjective Norms on Perceived Usefulness is stronger among individuals with lower Power Distance than among those with higher Power Distance. The individual level analysis of cultural factors used in the study attempts to avoid the over generalizations of cultural typology and remedy the inadequacy of post hoc explanation in conventional IS cultural studies. Findings will help organizations understa...

Abstract: This study examined the role of social support in moderating the relationship between psychological distress and willingness to seek psychological help in 158 Black and Latino college students from a large, predominantly White university. The authors found that a social support network served as a significant moderator for Black college students but not for their Latino counterparts. Implications of the findings are presented.

Abstract: Since its popularization by Goleman (1995), the concept of emotional intelligence has been the subject of ongoing controversy, so it is understandable that the model we proposed, which includes emotional intelligence as a moderator variable, would attract its share of criticism.

Abstract: The present study investigated the effects of self-criticism, dependency, and attachment variables in depression among couples. We utilized a multisource design that involved self-reports and spouse reports of personality and depression. This approach enabled us to explore the patterns of relations between self-reported and the spouse's report of the partner's view of self-criticism, dependency, and attachment dimensions, as well as the contribution of the latter to the moderation of distress. Participants were 120 couples in their first marriages. It was found that: (1) Self- and spouses' reported self-criticism are both associated with depression; (2) negative assessments of personality factors and attachment models by the self and spouse contribute uniquely in predicting depressive symptomatology; and (3) beyond the covariation between target's depression and marital maladjustment, attachment models of self and of other as reported by both the self and spouse moderate the effects of self-reported personality vulnerability on depressive symptomatology. Our results indicate that self-ratings and ratings by others must both be considered in the context of depression in close interpersonal relationships. Beyond the methodological implications of multisource data, our findings support the view of depression as an interpersonal process.

Abstract: Background The effectiveness of psycho-educational interventions for cancer patients is well documented, but less is known about moderating characteristics that determine which subgroups of patients are most likely to benefit. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine whether certain individual characteristics of African-American and White men with localized prostate cancer moderated the effects of a psycho-educational Uncertainty Management Intervention on the outcomes of cancer knowledge and patient-provider communication Methods Men were blocked by ethnicity and randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Uncertainty Management Intervention provided to the patient only, Uncertainty Management Intervention supplemented by delivery to the patient and family member, or usual care. The individual characteristics explored were education, sources for information, and intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity. Results Using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance, findings indicated that there were no significant moderator effects for intrinsic religiosity on any of the outcomes. Lower level of education was a significant moderator for improvement in cancer knowledge. For the outcome of patient-provider communication, fewer sources for cancer information was a significant moderator for the amount told the patient by the nurse and other staff. Less extrinsic religiosity was a significant moderator for three areas of patient provider communication. The three areas are the amount (a) the physician tells the patient; (b) the patient helps with planning treatment; and (c) the patient tells the physician. Conclusions Testing for moderator effects provides important information regarding beneficiaries of interventions. In the current study, men's levels of education, amount of sources for information, and extrinsic religiosity influenced the efficacy of the Uncertainty Management Intervention on important outcomes.

Abstract: This study focused on one question: Do each of four caregiver responses--emotion-focused coping, problem-focused coping, appraisal of burden, and appraisal of satisfaction--mediate or moderate the effects of caregiving stress on caregiver psychological well-being? A series of regression equations was used to determine mediating and moderating effects for each of the responses in a convenience sample of 204 Hispanic and non-Hispanic caregivers. Appraisal of burden mediated the effects of caregiving stress on somatic complaints and depression; appraisal of satisfaction moderated the effects of stress on personal gain and life satisfaction; emotion-focused coping demonstrated moderating effects on depression and life satisfaction, although not in the predicted direction; problem-focused coping did not demonstrate any mediating or moderating effects. The findings indicate that development of interventions that focus on how caregivers appraise their situation, as well as their coping skills could help empower caregivers and improve their psychological well-being. Key words: Alzheimer's disease; caregivers; mediating effects; moderating effects; stress ********** Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been estimated to affect more than 3.5 million people. By 2010, it is projected that more than 5.5 million people will be diagnosed with this disease (Alzheimer's Association, 1998). Numerous studies have found providing care to people with AD is associated with a number of negative consequences (Kramer, 1997; Schulz, O'Brien, Bookwala, & Fleissner, 1995). Increased levels of depression, anxiety, and somatic complaints are significantly higher than for caregivers than noncaregivers (Schulz et al.). The Alzheimer's Association (1998) estimated the cost of providing care to people diagnosed with AD to be $90 billion per year. Although the majority of this financial burden falls directly on the caregivers, a financial burden of this magnitude has an indirect, if not direct, effect on the economy of the entire nation. The progression, duration, and demands of AD frequently result in caregivers no longer being able to provide care and having to resort to institutionalizing the individual with AD. Perhaps these facts are but two of the reasons we find such an abundance of AD caregiving studies in the gerontology literature. CONCEPTUAL MODEL Moderating versus Mediating Models Kramer and Vitaliano (1994) in a review of the caregiving literature found that much of the research was based on the stress, appraisal, and coping model developed by Lazarus and Folkman (1984). Lazarus and Folkman stated that "in order to understand variations among individuals under comparable conditions, we must take into account the cognitive process that intervenes between the encounter and the reaction, and the factors that affect the nature of this mediation" (p. 23). The majority of the caregiving literature has an a priori assumption that appraisal and coping are mediators of stress. The distinction between mediators and moderators is not discussed in most of the AD caregiving literature; however, the moderator-mediator discussion is found in the social psychology, child psychology, and industrial psychology literature. Holmbeck (1997) posited that although Lazarus and Folkman (1984) used the term "mediation" in their conceptual model, [they] "appear to be describing a moderational process" (p. 606). Baron and Kenny (1986) stated that "there are conceptual implications of the failure to appreciate the moderator-mediator distinction" (p. 1173). They went on to say that in fact, many researchers have used the terms "moderator" and "mediator" interchangeably in the same study. "In other words, a moderator variable is one that affects the relationship between two variables, so that the nature of the impact of the predictor on the criterion varies according to the level or value of the moderator" (Holmbeck, 1997, p. …

Abstract: L. F. Fitzgerald, C. L. Hulin, and F. Drasgow (1995) proposed that victim characteristics, such as race, might moderate the relationships between sexual harassment and its job, psychological, and health status outcomes. This study describes 2 theoretical positions, tokenism and double jeopardy, that could account for this possible moderation by race, as well as the alternative view that no moderating effects exist. The effects of race are empirically examined through simultaneous path analysis. Results indicate that whereas mean levels of harassment differ across race, the phenomenon of sexual harassment unfolds similarly across races; race is not a moderator of the relationships between sexual harassment and the variables proposed as its antecedents and outcomes.

Abstract: The general purpose of this study was to investigate domestic violence within a conflict framework. Specifically, the association between conflict-based, communication response and outcome behaviors and the frequency and severity of female domestic violence towards male partners was examined. Participants were 153 female volunteers who reported on a range of communication responses and outcomes for both self and partner. The contribution of relationship distress was controlled for and also examined as a moderator. Relationship distress was not found to be a significant moderator. Results showed that seven communication response variables and four outcome variables were significantly associated with the frequency and/or severity of female domestic violence. Relative to nonviolent relationships, relationships with female violence had more male and female unilateral verbal aggression, more mutual verbal aggression, more male verbal aggression/female calms things down, more male demand/partner withdraw, more mutual avoidance, and less constructive relative to destructive communication. Relationships with female violence also had poorer resolution of problems and more emotional distance after problem arguments and discussions than their nonviolent counterparts.

Abstract: Social network as a moderator between trauma exposure and post-trauma symptomatology was studied. Two samples – relief workers and UN soldiers – were assessed on trauma exposure, social network and three dependent measures related to post-trauma reactions. Regression analysis and interaction plots were used to determine the presence of interaction effects between trauma exposure and social network. All four network variables moderated the relationship between trauma exposure and post-trauma reactions among relief workers, while among UN soldiers only two such buffer effects were found. Furthermore, among UN soldiers one of these interaction effects was reversed, indicating social support to be important for those low on trauma exposure, while among relief workers support was important in the high-exposure condition. The results indicate a difference with respect to the importance of social network as a moderator between groups exposed to different kinds of war trauma. Differences in motivational systems may also exist. However, further research will have to establish this.

Abstract: Although researchers have suggested that hardiness is associated with improved outcomes in stressful situations, findings regarding its moderating effects have been mixed. Relationships among hardiness, appraisal, coping, self-perceived health, and other antecedent variables were examined in a convenience sample of 72 community-dwelling spouse caregivers for persons with dementia. In this descriptive correlational design, participants completed a mailed survey. Regression analyses were used to detect main and moderating effects. Antecedent variables predicted 27% of the variance in caregiver appraisal, 23% of the variance in emotion-focused coping, and 22% of the variance in self-perceived health. In addition to its significant main effects, hardiness functioned as a significant moderator between the set of antecedent variables and caregiver appraisal. More research is needed to support the presence of main and moderating effects of hardiness in dementia caregivers.

Abstract: Information unethical behavior is concerned with ethical behavioural conflicts in the use of information, information technologies, and information systems (Kuo and Hsu, 2001). This study examines the combination of locus of control (LOC) and job insecurity (JI) as a joint moderator on the decision making process for information ethical behavioral intentions. A conceptual model is proposed to see the joint moderating role of LOC and JI. In the model, ethical behavioral intentions are influenced directly by ethical attitude, personal values, and perceived behavioural control. Simultaneously, personal values also indirectly influence ethical behavioral intentions through the mediation of ethical attitude. The causal relationships are moderated by the joint moderator. Notably, the moderating effects were simultaneously examined using data from undergraduates in the MIS department of a college. The influences of the ethical attitude and personal values on ethical behavioral intentions are found to be similar for those with external locus of control and insecurity perception (Confusionists) and those with internal locus of control and security perception (Controlists). Furthermore, the influences of personal values on ethical attitude, and of perceived behavioural control on ethical behavioral intentions, are both greater for Controlists than Confusionists. Implications of the empirical findings are discussed.

Abstract: Using a model based on Lazarus (1999) and previous research, specific relationships were predicted between the antecedent conditions of chronic stress, personal moderation factors of optimism/pessimism, and coping on the one hand, and the affective outcome of burnout on the other. Participants were 82 information service workers whose jobs required them to evaluate and remediate computer programming problems in anticipation of the Y2K deadline. Multiple regression analysis indicated that Optimism, Pessimism, Control Coping, and Escape Coping all moderated chronic stress for Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, but not for Personal Accomplishment. Lower Optimism, higher Pessimism, lower Control Coping, and higher Escape Coping all related to increased workers' Depersonalization under conditions of higher chronic stress due to the approaching Y2K deadline. Lower Optimism and higher Pessimism were also related to higher Emotional Exhaustion under conditions of higher chronic stress due to the Y2K deadline. Beyond moderation effects, all moderator variables showed main effects with Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment in the predicted directions. Suggestions are given for incorporating results into stress relief efforts in organizations.

Abstract: The relationships between procedural justice in promotion decisions for women and contextual factors deemed as contributing to glass ceilings were examined. The contextual factors examined were a lack of female role models, limited networking opportunities for women, gender segregation, and formal career ladders. It was found that gender schema is a moderator between procedural justice and the perceived number of female role models and between procedural justice and the perception of formal career ladders. Although gender schema was not a moderator in the relationship between procedural justice and gender segregation, nor in the relationship between procedural justice and networking opportunities for women, a significant main effect was found. These results are consistent with the notion that organizational justice perceptions are products of individual cognitive processes, which develop in response to cultural expectations.

Abstract: Many topics in aging research address questions about group differences in prediction. Such questions can be viewed in terms of interaction or moderator effects, and use of appropriate methods to test these hypotheses are necessary to arrive at accurate conclusions about age differences. This article discusses the conceptual, methodological, and statistical problems in one approach to investigating moderator hypotheses. The subgroup regression approach, in which separate regression analyses are conducted in two or more groups, is widely used in aging research to examine group differences in prediction, but the approach can lead to erroneous conclusions. The moderated regression approach, involving the test of a product term, is described and recommended as an a alternative approach. The question of whether social support has greater beneficial effects for younger or older adults is investigated in a study of 287 recently-bereaved adults ranging in age from 20 to 91. Using the subgroup approach, findings indicated that social support significantly predicted depressive symptoms among younger adults and did not significantly predict depressive symptoms among older adults. The moderated regression analysis, however, indicated no significant age differences in the effect of social support. These results clearly illustrate that the analysis strategy researchers choose may have important bearing on theory in aging research such as conclusions regarding the role of social support across the life span.

Abstract: Gender-role self-stereotyping was investigated as a moderator of the importance of equity to satisfaction within close relationships in a sample of 204 men and women in long-term relationships. For those low in gender-role self-stereotyping, equity strongly predicted satisfaction, whereas for those higher in gender-role self-stereotyping, satisfaction was predicted by the belief that one's own relationship compared favorably with those of same-sex others. The importance of equity was also investigated by asking participants to predict how they would respond if they found themselves in an overbenefiting or underbenefiting relationship. Predicted responses to inequity were influenced by participants' sex, degree of gender-role self-stereotyping, and the type of inequity imagined. These finding are discussed in terms of the system justifying effects of gender-role stereotypes.

Abstract: This research identified mediators and a moderator of the relationship between demographic category and attitudes toward affirmative action (AA). Data were collected from national samples of sociologists and business academics. The results indicate that racism, traditional attitudes toward women, and belief in the existence of gender and race discrimination in academe were significant predictors of AA attitudes. Several findings provide support for the prediction that these factors mediate the relationship between demographic group membership and AA attitudes. Additionally, male sociologists who believed they personally experienced discrimination had more negative attitudes toward AA. Perceiving personal discrimination increased support of AA among female business academics. Implications for attitude and intergroup conflict theories are discussed.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine if a pharmacy's environment acts as a moderator in the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship in independent community pharmacies. A self-administered mail survey of 900 randomly selected independent community pharmacies in 6 states was conducted. Variables were assessed with multi-item measures. Moderated regression was used as the method of analysis. The response rate of the survey was 48.9%. The environmental hostility × entrepreneurial orientation interaction term and the environmental munificence × entrepreneurial orientation interaction terms were significant in the regression. In addition, environmental hostility had a significant negative association with pharmacy performance. Environmental munificence was also significantly associated with performance. Size of pharmacy, age of pharmacy, organicity of structure, and adequacy of resources were the other significant positive indicators of performance of pharmacies. Environmental host...