Abstract: The author develops a theoretical framework relating job involvement to its antecedents, correlates, and consequences and reports meta-analyses of 51 pairwise relationships involving job involvement. Results of the meta-analyses support research suggesting that job involvement is influenced by personality and situational variables. Job involvement was strongly related to job and work attitudes but not to role perceptions, behavioral work outcomes, negative "side effects," or demographic variables. Moderator analyses indicated little difference in the strength of relationships based on involvement measure. The author found modest but systematic differences in the strength of relationships between studies of employees of public versus private organizations. He compares and contrasts the results of this study with meta-analytic findings regarding organizational commitment, discusses important theoretical considerations in the research stream, and offers suggestions for future research.

Abstract: It is proposed that attitudes are stronger predictors of behavior when the amount of effort required for the behavior is high than when little effort is required. The first study found support for the effort hypothesis among undergraduates who participated in a high-effort recycling program. A second study of undergraduates found a strong positive relationship between attitudes of environmental concern and the amount of effort they were willing to exert to recycle. The third study, a meta-analysis of studies on the relationship between environmental concern and recycling, showed that studies conducted in (high-effort) dropoff recycling programs typically found a stronger relationship than studies conducted in (low-effort) curbside recycling programs. Across all three studies the results consistently support recent theoretical findings: Effort is a strong moderator of the attitude-behavior relationship.

Abstract: This research focuses on the degree of similiarity between pre-ownership experience and the work requirements of the present venture as a moderator of the relationship between pre-ownership experience and venture performance. Multiple itme scales are developed to assess two dimensions of business similarity: (1) talk environment similarity, and (2) skills/abilities similarity. The results indicate a positive main effect for task enviroment similarity and a curvilinear moderation effect for skill/abilities similarity. Qualitative interviews are used to help better explain the results.

Abstract: Survey responses from 156 child life specialists in the United States and Canada were analyzed for the purpose of testing a conceptual model depicting predictors of three measures of professional well-being: burnout, job dissatisfaction, and intentions to leave a job Predictor variables included individual factors, measures of workload, attributes of role stress, and sources of social support Social support was viewed both as a variable exerting a direct influence on professional well-being and as a moderating variable Results indicated that role stress (especially role ambiguity) was the best predictor of burnout and job dissatisfaction Lack of supervisor support was found to be the best predictor for job dissatisfaction and intentions to leave a job Implications for practices in the workplace are discussed

Abstract: Relationships between perceived stress, self-esteem, and expectancy of success were examined, and the moderating and mediating effects of self-esteem between perceived stress and expectancy of success were explored. Participants (48 women, 27 men) completed self-rating scales measuring perceived stress, self-esteem, and expectancy of success. Negative relationships were obtained between perceived stress and self-esteem and between perceived stress and expectancy of success. Self-esteem and expectancy of success were positively associated. Moderated multiple regression analysis yielded no moderating effect of self-esteem between perceived stress and expectancy of success; however, a moderating effect of self-esteem was obtained using regression techniques.

Abstract: The vast majority of research dealing with athletic injuries has examined injuries from physical or environmental perspectives. However, there has been a growing awareness of the role of psychosocial factors in the injury process. Specifically, social support has been identified as a variable that may play a significant role in both the etiology of and recovery from athletic injuries. The overall purpose of this discussion is to review and integrate the literature that has examined the role of social support as it relates to athletic injuries. More specifically, this paper will (a) discuss conceptual issues related to social support, (b) explore the role of social support as a potential moderator variable in the life stress-injury relationship, (c) examine the contribution of social support to the rehabilitation process, and (d) suggest directions for future research based on the extant social support literature.

Abstract: The present article proposes a strategy for conceptualizing moderating relationships based on their type-strictly correlational and classical correlational-and form continuous, noncontinuous, logis...

Abstract: A method for analyzing a data set and determining the independent input variables and the values of those variables which are most associated with a specific outcome. Independent and dependent variables may be either numeric (continuous) or categoric (discrete); numeric variables need not be of a specific distribution type. First, each individual independent variable is ranked based on a score. Scoring is done by first determining the number of records in the data set having each of four possible conditions--independent variable in or out of range in combination with dependent variable in or out of range. These values are put into an equation. Iterative processes are used until a high score is found. Subsequently, combinations of variables and values of independent variables are evaluated using the score to determine the combinations most likely to be associated with a specific outcome or range of values of the dependent variable. A use for this method is the determination of manufacturing variables and their values which tend to result in unacceptable product.

Abstract: Since admitting distress is often considered undesirable, the role of social desirability as a moderator variable in the assessment of traumatic events scores, on the PTSD Interview, and diagnosis was investigated. A sample of 342 city bus drivers were grouped by their lifetime exposure to trauma (nonexposed, stressful but nontraumatic event, traumatic event). Analyses replicate and extend findings from the literature on life events: social desirability plays a marginal role as a moderator variable in the assessment of trauma.

Abstract: This dissertation explores the link between technology, capitalism, and the female body in 20th century cinema. It argues that commodified pleasure, or "engineered enjoyment," is always produced by establishing technological control over the female body. The scope of this dissertation is limited to films produced during the post-World War II era. In Chapter One I define "engineered enjoyment" and show how film is the prototypical example of such. In Chapter Two I examine how the cinematic apparatus works as a pleasure-producing system and explore what happens when that system breaks down, as in the 1947 film Ladv in the Lake. In Chapter Three I critique post­ war psychological thrillers which incorporate the idea of the breakdown within their narratives, specifically in the figure of the mentally ill woman as system "out of control." In Chapter Four I address a successful example of the engineering of the female body: the star body of MG-M actress Esther Williams. Williams's film career was a product of the carefully orchestrated moderation of her physical body. Such controlled moderation allowed her to make the transition from screen star to celebrity spokesperson with amazing success. In Chapter Five I conclude by suggesting new areas for investigating engineered enjoyment in late 20th century culture, particularly the post-1975 "Blockbuster" era.

Abstract: In past studies, the concept of self acceptance has often been confused with self evaluation or self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to distinguish these concepts, and operationally define self-acceptance as Carl Rogers proposed: feeling all right toward the self when self-evaluation was low. Self-acceptance as adaptive resignation, a moderating variable, therefore should raise self-esteem of only those people with low self-evaluation. Self-acceptance was measuerd in the study as affirmative evaluation of own self-evaluation. Two hundred and forty college students, 120 each for men and women, completed a questionnaire of self-evaluative consciousness and self-esteem scales. Results of statistical analyses showed that among subjects with low self-evaluation, the higher self-acceptance, the higher the person's self-esteem, The same relation was not observed among those with high self-evaluation. Thus, it may be concluded that self-acceptance was adaptive resignation, and therefore meaningful to only those with low self evaluation.

Abstract: An empirical assessment of the moderating effect o f combinations of ethnically dissimilar shoppers and sellers on the nature o f retail sales encounters is undertaken. Following the similarity-attraction paradigm (Bochner 1982; Byme 1961), it is theorized that ethnically similar shoppers and sellers are more attracted to each other than ethnically dissimilar ones, resulting in shoppers’ perceptions of sellers’ behaviors and personality traits being adversely effected. Operationally, the entire model of sales encounters is moderated by combinations o f ethnically dissimilar shoppers and sellers (global moderation hypothesis), or dyadic ethnic dissimilarity. A 2x2 experimental design is employed, with the levels o f factor 1 being shoppers and sellers and levels of factor 2 being Anglo and Cajun ethnicity. To test the global moderation hypothesis, a model of sales encounters is fitted to (1) four ethnically distinct shopper-seller contrasts (i.e., samples comprised of ethnically similar and ethnically dissimilar shopper-seller combinations), and (2) an overall, ethnically heterogeneous sample (i.e., a grand sample combining the four ethnically distinct samples). Comparing goodness-of-fit for the ethnically undifferentiated sample (a single-group model) with the four ethnically distinct samples (a multi-group model) yields an increase in the goodness-of-fit, which suggests some initial support for the thesis of the global effect of moderation of combinations of dissimilar shoppers’ and sellers’ ethnicities. The moderation of individual relationships is then examined by comparing the pattern and/or directionality o f the structural coefficients calculated on each of the ethnically distinct samples.

Abstract: A large body of research in the field of marital interaction has focused on communication and interaction patterns in problem-solving situations or conflict discussions. On the other hand, the influence of stress on marital interaction was mainly neglected. However, stress and coping are assumed to be important variables in the context of marriage and their analysis may contribute to a better understanding of marital tension and dissatisfaction over time. In the current study we investigated the influence of coping as a moderator variable between self-perceived stress (self-report-data) and the open interaction behavior (systematic observation) of intimate partners in a stressful situation (EISI-experiment: Experimentally induced stress in dyadic interactions). As the results show, marital interaction is more negative under stress conditions. On the other hand, the the practice of adequate intrapsychic coping has a positive influence on marital interaction and helps decrease expressed negativity towards the partner under stress. Among dysfunctional coping behaviors all kinds of intrapsychic blaming revealed the most unfavorable effects on marital interaction. It is noteworthy that especially nonverbal and paraverbal negative interaction behaviors were more often practiced by the group of inadequate copers. Tension-reduction and reframing, on the other hand, gave evidence for a positive moderator effect between stress and dyadic interaction. Persons who coped this way were less negative with their partner even under stress than the group showing no or little performance of these coping styles. Our findings suggest that cognitive variables (such as intrapsychic coping) have an important impact on marital interaction.

Abstract: Assessment moderation is a procedure in which scorers or raters meet to achieve a consensus on scores assigned to student work. In the Science Education for Public Understanding Program (SEPUP), local teams of teachers met regularly at six sites nationwide to score student work, review methods of assigning scores, discuss and resolve discrepancies in scoring, and reach consensus on exemplars of work for each score level. The sites were called Assessment Development Centers and were located in Alaska, California, Colorado, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. Moderation sessions thus served purposes related to technical aspects of assessment, although SEPUP moderation sessions served additional purposes and provide additional benefits for teachers. Because moderation was part of a field test, teachers in the local group shared common concerns and experiences. As they field-tested a new approach to middle school science instruction, they were learning a new approach to assessing student performance. The moderation process went beyond its traditional purposes to purposes of professional development and teacher collegiality. This discussion of SEPUP local assessment moderation explores the way moderation meetings were intended to function and the ways they did function in reality. Preliminary insights into factors influencing successful implementation are proposed, and issues in the role of local moderation in assessment and professional development are discussed. An appendix summarizes the moderation process. (Contains 2 figures and 42 references.) (Author/SLD) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. * *********************************************************************** N N rr) N O U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement ED TIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This documeri has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY k/Li Roe Cie 7:5 TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Local Assessment Moderation in SEPUP Lily Roberts University of California, Berkeley Kathryn Sloane University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Mark Wilson University of California, Berkeley

Abstract: In the present study of the influence of health value as a potential moderator of age and life satisfaction, 157 undergraduate students (M = 20.8 yr.) completed a battery in which they provided dem...

Abstract: Pregnancy is a normal and healthy event in the life of a woman; for an adolescent , pregnancy is a complex event adding to a demanding time of life. For this reason many researchers from divergent fields of study have focused on the phenomenon . The purpose of this research was to collect and summarize the available research and to "determine what can be said with confidence" about psychosocial aspects of the phenomenon . This research addressed the question: In research from 1964 through 1994 , what are the relative effect sizes of psychosocial factors influencing adolescent pregnancy , and do demographic attributes of study participants or study characteristics moderate these effects? A collection of 290 research reports were identified from the literature that dealt with psychosocial aspects of adolescent pregnancy . Inclusion criteria of a control group narrowed the field of studies included in the review to 68 which represented 12,106 subjects including 3,881 pregnant teens. Conceptually similar variables from the 68 studies were grouped into 31 clusters which were subjected to a comprehensive analysis. This analysis included but was not limited to: determination of frequency, mean and standard deviation of study and sample characteristics, Weighted Effect Size (zr), and 95% Confidence •Interval. After hypothesis testing and homogeneity analysis, the cluster variables that remained and were most strongly correlated with the pregnant adolescents included: an identification with traditional female roles (Zr = 0.45), positive beliefs about parenting (Zr = 0.15), and sexual activity (zr = 0.14). The cluster variables most strongly correlated with the non-pregnant control group were contraception use (Zr = 0.16), educational expectations (Zr = 0.21), future orientation (Zr = 0.15), school grades (Zr 0.24), and occupational expectations (Zr = 0.18). During the meta-analysis of each cluster, study characteristics and study subject demographic variables were analyzed as potential moderator variables. Moderator variables indicate the need to look for sources of variance within a meta-analysis other than the cluster variable. No pattern of variables were found to act as moderators across all or groups of the clusters. The implications of moderators were briefly considered; however, theoretical inference was left for future research.

Abstract: It is generally recognized by researchers that there is a positive relationship between stress and strain (strain being manifested as a variety of psychological and physical disorders). During the last 15 years, empirical studies have identified several factors that act as moderators or buffers against the deleterious effects of stress. These studies indicate that differences in personality characteristics and social support systems render some employees relatively safe from stress-induced illness and others relatively vulnerable. For example, social support is generally considered a moderator because the correlation between stress and strain is low for employees who receive high social support and this correlation is high for employees who receive low social support. The moderating variables are commonly referred to as stress-buffering resources because they are presumed to protect or buffer people from the adverse effects of stress. BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that entrepreneurs and managers differ in attitudes, values, and demographic characteristics. Benfari and Knox (1991) described entrepreneurs as follows: Entrepreneurs are fascinating paradoxes. They swing between ecstatic success and dismal failure, then bounce back to encounter life again. They have high needs for excitement and risk-taking. They accumulate wealth not for its own sake but for the exhilaration of conquering the unknown, then move on to other conquests. ... But their dark, shadow side is exploitative and unscrupulous. They are the Leona Helmsleys and Donald Trumps of the world. Because of the great appetite of their ambition, their failures are often on a grand scale (135-136). In the above statement, entrepreneurs differ from other professionals greatly. Unfortunately, only a few empirical studies have compared how they differ in their perceptions, and in the interrelationships of phenomena such as stress and strain (Boyd and Begley 1987; Boyd and Gumpert 1983). We found no study that compared entrepreneurs and managers regarding the effects of the variables that moderate the stress-strain relationship (that is, protect individuals from the debilitating effects of stress). One of the research questions in small business management is whether stress, strain, and their moderators have similar or differing effects on managers and entrepreneurs. Another issue has to do with the quality of a number of field studies on stress. A number of studies on job stress collected data from nonrandom samples, and some of these studies have collected data from inappropriate subjects, such as undergraduate students. Consequently, conclusions from these studies have limited generalizability. In addition, Funk and Houston (1987) and Hull, Van Treuren, and Virnelli (1987) indicated that researchers frequently use inappropriate statistical techniques to test the moderating effects. They correctly pointed out that these effects can be adequately tested with hierarchical regression analyses. These effects cannot be effectively tested through analysis of variance, discriminant analysis, or comparing the correlations between stress and strain for persons high (above the median) and low (below the median) on a moderating variable (see also Cohen and Edwards 1989). OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The present study attempted to bridge this gap by comparing the entrepreneurs and managers on stress, strain, and their moderators (such as locus of control personality and social support) and the interrelationships among them. This involved collecting data from a random sample of entrepreneurs and managers and testing the moderating effects of locus of control and social support with stepwise hierarchical multiple regression analyses with interaction terms (Cohen and Cohen 1983). Figure 1 shows the model tested in this study. LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES Job Stress A number of studies on stress have used the indices of role conflict and ambiguity developed by Kahn, et al. …