Abstract: Generating temporally coherent high fidelity video is an important milestone in generative modeling research. We make progress towards this milestone by proposing a diffusion model for video generation that shows very promising initial results. Our model is a natural extension of the standard image diffusion architecture, and it enables jointly training from image and video data, which we find to reduce the variance of minibatch gradients and speed up optimization. To generate long and higher resolution videos we introduce a new conditional sampling technique for spatial and temporal video extension that performs better than previously proposed methods. We present the first results on a large text-conditioned video generation task, as well as state-of-the-art results on established benchmarks for video prediction and unconditional video generation. Supplementary material is available at https://video-diffusion.github.io/

Abstract: Compute, data, and algorithmic advances are the three fundamental factors that drive progress in modern Machine Learning (ML). In this paper we study trends in the most readily quantified factor - compute. We make three novel contributions: (1) we curate a dataset with the training compute of 123 milestone ML systems, 3× larger than previous such datasets. (2) We frame the trends in compute in in three eras - the Pre Deep Learning Era, the Deep Learning Era, and the Large-Scale Era, based on our identification of a novel trend emerging around 2015. (3) We find a Deep Learning Era compute doubling time of around 6 months, significantly longer than previous findings. Overall, our work highlights the fast-growing compute requirements for training advanced ML systems.

Abstract: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Learn the Signs. Act Early. program, funded the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) to convene an expert working group to revise its developmental surveillance checklists. The goals of the group were to identify evidence-informed milestones to include in CDC checklists, clarify when most children can be expected to reach a milestone (to discourage a wait-and-see approach), and support clinical judgment regarding screening between recommended ages. Subject matter experts identified by the AAP established 11 criteria for CDC milestone checklists, including using milestones most children (≥75%) would be expected to achieve by specific health supervision visit ages and those that are easily observed in natural settings. A database of normative data for individual milestones, common screening and evaluation tools, and published clinical opinion was created to inform revisions. Application of the criteria established by the AAP working group and adding milestones for the 15- and 30-month health supervision visits resulted in a 26.4% reduction and 40.9% replacement of previous CDC milestones. One third of the retained milestones were transferred to different ages; 67.7% of those transferred were moved to older ages. Approximately 80% of the final milestones had normative data from ≥1 sources. Social-emotional and cognitive milestones had the least normative data. These criteria and revised checklists can be used to support developmental surveillance, clinical judgment regarding additional developmental screening, and research in developmental surveillance processes. Gaps in developmental data were identified particularly for social-emotional and cognitive milestones.

Abstract: The prevalence of WiFi devices and ubiquitous coverage of WiFi networks provide us the opportunity to extend WiFi capabilities beyond communication, particularly in sensing the physical environment. In this article, we survey the evolution of WiFi sensing systems utilizing commodity devices over the past decade. It groups WiFi sensing systems into three main categories: 1) activity recognition (large scale and small scale); 2) object sensing; and 3) localization. We highlight the milestone work in each category and the underline techniques they adopted. Next, this work presents the challenges faced by existing WiFi sensing systems. Finally, we comprehensively discuss the future trending of commodity WiFi sensing.

Abstract: The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Project Genomics Evidence Neoplasia Information Exchange (GENIE) is an international pan-cancer registry with the goal to inform cancer research and clinical care worldwide. Founded in late 2015, the milestone GENIE 9.1-public release contains data from >110,000 tumors from >100,000 people treated at 19 cancer centers from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and Spain. Here, we demonstrate the use of these real-world data, harmonized through a centralized data resource, to accurately predict enrollment on genome-guided trials, discover driver alterations in rare tumors, and identify cancer types without actionable mutations that could benefit from comprehensive genomic analysis. The extensible data infrastructure and governance framework support additional deep patient phenotyping through biopharmaceutical collaborations and expansion to include new data types such as cell-free DNA sequencing. AACR Project GENIE continues to serve a global precision medicine knowledge base of increasing impact to inform clinical decision-making and bring together cancer researchers internationally.AACR Project GENIE has now accrued data from >110,000 tumors, placing it among the largest repository of publicly available, clinically annotated genomic data in the world. GENIE has emerged as a powerful resource to evaluate genome-guided clinical trial design, uncover drivers of cancer subtypes, and inform real-world use of genomic data. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2007.

Abstract: The year 2020, due to the pandemic, was a milestone in the history of digital technology in the education sector, allowing a sustainable education although the world was facing a pandemic crisis without precedents. Therefore, in a few days occur a transformation from traditional classroom teaching to online teaching and consequently forced to use digital learning. Nevertheless, more researches are needed to know how was this experience and if there is the intention to maintain the online format. The main goal of this article is to study how digital learning can be an educational format focused on sustainable education. This paper presents a systematic literature review on digital learning through PRISMA methodology, based on a literature search and field research aimed to analyze the significant predictors related to the digital learning experience on the likelihood of choosing to “keep” the online format in the next academic year. An online survey was conducted with 173 university students. The results obtained showed that the significant predictors were factor 1-”Characteristics of online classes; factor 2-”Support from the School and Professors; factor 3-”Online classes vs. face-to-face classes” and gender. The probability of choosing to keep online classes increases exponentially with the characteristics of online classes, with Support from school and teachers; Online classes vs. Face-to-face classes, and keeping factors 1, 2, and 3 constant the probability if a man chooses the online format compared to a woman is higher. This online format thus acquires central importance in the contemporary sustainability debate. The kind of life, education, and society we will have in the future will depend on the quality, depth, and extent of the learning processes we can create and exercise individually and socially. Education, and educators in particular, who concentrate on the tasks of designing and implementing social teaching and learning models, have a unique responsibility in this process. Although the reduced sample size the present work can provide strategic information for university staff, contributing to designing and implementation a sustainable education.

Abstract: One of the hallmark advances in our understanding of metalloprotein function is showcased in our ability to design new, non-native, catalytically active protein scaffolds. This review highlights progress and milestone achievements in the field of de novo metalloprotein design focused on reports from the past decade with special emphasis on de novo designs couched within common subfields of bioinorganic study: heme binding proteins, monometal- and dimetal-containing catalytic sites, and metal-containing electron transfer sites. Within each subfield, we highlight several of what we have identified as significant and important contributions to either our understanding of that subfield or de novo metalloprotein design as a discipline. These reports are placed in context both historically and scientifically. General suggestions for future directions that we feel will be important to advance our understanding or accelerate discovery are discussed.

Abstract: After years of development and many published studies, prostate-specificmembrane antigen–targeted radioligand therapy recently reached a critical milestone on March 23, 2022, with approval of Lu-PSMA-617 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (1). This landmark success heralds a new era of large-scale theranostics for nuclear medicine. This editorial provides the first-hand perspective on the origins of the phase III VISION trial and, specifically, the creation of the imaging criteria for selection of patients for PSMAtargeted therapy.

Abstract: Background Stunting occurs due to chronic malnutrition and is a major problem for children in developing countries. It is important to evaluate the impact of stunting on the development of children. This study aimed to investigate the impact of stunting on the development of children between 1–3 years of age. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2020 to March 2021 in Surabaya, Indonesia. A questionnaire and growth assessment were done, following the development measurement to stunted and non-stunted children who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Development was measured by the Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II), and Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic & Auditory Milestone (CAT/CLAMS) scales. Results Three hundred children are included in this study, consisting of 150 stunted and 150 non-stunted children. Stunted children had a higher risk to be suspected of delayed development compared to non-stunted children. The Crude Odd Ratio was 2.98, 4.24, 4.75 with the p-value 0.006, 0.001. and 0.001 respectively. The Adjusted Odd Ratio was 0.34, 0.24, 0.21 with p-value of 0.008, 0.001, and 0.001 respectively. Conclusion Stunting is associated with suspected development delay among children 1–3 years of age. Initiatives related to prevention need to be established and nutrition advice needs to be provided.

Abstract: Identification of factors predicting and driving mortality in PD is important for patient information, disease management, and design of future clinical trials. This study included newly diagnosed PD patients and normal controls (NC) from a population-based study with repeated assessments over a 10-year period. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate survival, Cox proportional hazards regression models to identify baseline risk factors of mortality, and Cox regression models with time-dependent covariates to evaluate the impact of four clinical milestones of advanced PD (visual hallucinations, recurrent falls, dementia, and nursing home placement) on mortality risk. During the 10-year study, 65 (34.2%) of 190 patients and 25 (12.3%) of 203 NC died, with an unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 2.85 (95% CI 1.80-4.52) and a HR of 2.48 (95% CI 1.55-3.95) when adjusted for confounders, including comorbidities. Higher age, more severe motor impairment, and postural instability-gait difficulty (PIGD) phenotype were independent baseline predictors of mortality. Each clinical milestone alone more than doubled the risk of death and had a cumulative effect on mortality, with a HR of 10.83 (95% CI 4.39-26.73) in those experiencing all four milestones. PD patients have an increased mortality risk that is disease-related and becomes evident early during the course of the disease. While motor severity and PIGD phenotype were early risk factors of mortality, clinical milestones signaled a substantially increased risk of death later during the disease course, highlighting their potential significance in clinical disease staging and prognosis.

Abstract: Real-world data sets that combine clinical and genomic data may be subject to left truncation (when potential study participants are not included because they have already passed the milestone of interest at the time of study recruitment). The lapse between diagnosis and molecular testing can present analytic challenges and threaten the validity and interpretation of survival analyses.Effects of ignoring left truncation when estimating overall survival are illustrated using data from the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Project Genomics Evidence Neoplasia Information Exchange Biopharma Collaborative (GENIE BPC), and a straightforward risk-set adjustment approach is described. Ignoring left truncation results in overestimation of overall survival: unadjusted median survival estimates from diagnosis among patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer or stage IV colorectal cancer were overestimated by more than 1 year.Clinicogenomic data are a valuable resource for evaluation of real-world cancer outcomes and should be analyzed using appropriate methods to maximize their potential. Analysts must become adept at application of appropriate statistical methods to ensure valid, meaningful, and generalizable research findings.

Abstract: Abstract This paper is a summary of philosophy, theory, and practice arising from collective writing experiments conducted between 2016 and 2022 in the community associated with the Editors’ Collective and more than 20 scholarly journals. The main body of the paper summarises the community’s insights into the many faces of collective writing. Appendix 1 presents the workflow of the article’s development. Appendix 2 lists approximately 100 collectively written scholarly articles published between 2016 and 2022. Collective writing is a continuous struggle for meaning-making, and our research insights merely represent one milestone in this struggle. Collective writing can be designed in many different ways, and our workflow merely shows one possible design that we found useful. There are many more collectively written scholarly articles than we could gather, and our reading list merely offers sources that the co-authors could think of. While our research insights and our attempts at synthesis are inevitably incomplete, ‘Collective Writing: The Continuous Struggle for Meaning-Making’ is a tiny theoretical steppingstone and a useful overview of sources for those interested in theory and practice of collective writing.

Abstract: In recent years, the advent of new experimental methodologies for studying the high complexity of the human genome and proteome has led to the generation of an increasing amount of digital information, hence bioinformatics, which harnesses computer science, biology, and chemistry, playing a mandatory role for the analysis of the produced datasets. The emerging technology of Artificial Intelligence (AI), including Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), is nowadays at the core of biomedical research and has already paved the way for significant breakthroughs in both biological and medical sciences. AI and computer science have transformed traditional medicine into modern biomedicine, thus promising a new era in systems biology that will enhance drug discovery strategies and facilitate clinical practice. The current review defines the main categories of AI and thoroughly describes the fundamental principles of the widely used ML, ANNs and DL approaches. Furthermore, we aim to underline the determinant role of AI-based methods in various biological research fields, such as proteomics and drug design techniques, and finally, investigate the implication of AI in everyday clinical practice and healthcare systems. Finally, this review also highlights the challenges and future directions of AI in Modern Biomedical study.

Abstract: Key Points Question Can accurate developmental norms for children be determined on the basis of national developmental assessments of a multicultural population? Findings This cross-sectional, population-based study analyzed 3 774 517 developmental assessments of 643 958 children from birth to age 6 years, conducted by trained nurses in Maternal Child Health Clinics (known as Tipat Halav) in Israel. A contemporary developmental scale, the Tipat Halav Israel Screening Developmental Scale, was built accordingly, presenting the 75%, 90%, and 95% achievement rate for evaluated milestones. Meaning This developmental scale based on a diverse population in Israel is recommended for further evaluation worldwide.

Abstract: Like many others, I see Crump et al. (2022) as a milestone for improving upon previous guidelines and for extending their framework to decapod crustaceans. Their proposal would benefit from a firm evolutionary foundation by adding the comparative measurement of life-history complexity as a ninth criterion for attributing sentience to nonhuman animals.

Abstract: Around the world, humans are living longer and politicians are getting older. But what do voters think about politicians of advanced age? We conduct a meta-analysis of 16 conjoint design-based candidate-choice experiments in seven democracies, revealing that older hypothetical candidates are consistently less likely to be favored by respondents—whether compared to the youngest alternative or the second-oldest alternative. We then report the findings of a novel conjoint experiment on Japanese voters designed to elicit whether the milestone of entering a new decade of age (70 vs. 69 years) affects respondents’ preferences for hypothetical candidates. Although at most 730 days separate candidates of these ages (limiting concerns of substantial differences in health or fitness), we find a significant penalty for the older candidate. Together, our findings highlight the mismatch between voters’ preferences for younger politicians and the ostensible gerontocracy that governs much of the world.

Abstract: Cesarean section is a obstetric procedure known since ancient times. It is mentioned in almost all ancient cultures. While until the 17th century it was performed mainly post mortem to retrieve an infant from the body of the deceased mother, today there are many indications for termination of pregnancy in this way. Literature provides references to earlier attempts to save the mother, but this happened only sporadically. The first record of a cc that both mother and child survived dates back to 1500. The development of science and medicine contributed to the dissemination and improvement of the methods used to extract a child by caesarean section. It was influenced by the development of operational, anesthetic and aseptic techniques. A milestone was the introduction of the Pfannenstiel – Kerr lower transverse incision method. Later, the Misgav-Ladach technique was introduced. Today, transverse incisions are most commonly used.

Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this study is to reflect on the importance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) framework as a milestone for concerted efforts to tackle the underlying grand challenges. Design/methodology/approach This viewpoint is predominantly conceptual in nature. However, this study adapts the University of Auckland's SDG key words to broadly map existing international business research in each SDG category across nine journals. Findings The SDG framework offers a positive and inclusive way forward to integrate social and environmental with economic aspects in the field of international business. Originality/value The inclusive nature of the SDG framework may achieve what previous labels such as social value creation and corporate social responsibility could not. It offers a path where integrating social and environmental with economic perspectives does not need to threaten the identity of the field. The SDG mapping exercise across nine selected journals clearly demonstrates that mainstream, economically focused research can continue to make valuable contributions to the SDGs as long as the discipline allows more room for integrators.

Abstract: In Brief Export BACKGROUND: A subset of Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) has been developed for general surgery. We aim to contribute validity evidence for EPAs as an assessment framework for general surgery residents, including concurrent validity compared to ACGME milestones, the current gold standard for evaluating competency. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study in a general surgery training program within a tertiary academic medical center. EPA assessments were submitted using a mobile app and scored on a numerical scale, mirroring milestones. EPA score distribution was analyzed with respect to post-graduate year (PGY) level and phase of care. Proportional odds logistic regression identified significant predictors. Spearman rank and Wilcoxon rank tests were used for comparisons with milestone ratings. RESULTS: From August 2018 to December 2019, 320 assessments were collected. EPA scores increased by PGY level. Operative phase EPA scores were significantly lower than nonoperative phase scores. PGY level, operative phase, and case difficulty significantly influenced entrustment scoring. EPA scores demonstrated strong correlation with nonoperative milestones patient care-1, medical knowledge-1, interpersonal and communication skills-2, interpersonal and communication skills-3, professionalism-1, professionalism-3, and practice-based learning and improvement-2 (ρ > 0.5, p < 0.05) and a weaker correlation with operative milestones patient care-3 and medical knowledge-2 (ρ < 0.5, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The influence of PGY level and operative phase on entrustment scoring supports the validity of EPAs as a formative evaluation framework for general surgery resident performance. In addition, evident correlations between EPA scores and respective milestone ratings provide concurrent validity evidence. Entrustable professional activities are a reliable evaluation framework for general surgery resident performance, demonstrated in our study by the influence of PGY level and operative phase on entrustment scoring and by the evident correlation between entrustable professional activities scores and respective ACGME milestone ratings.

Abstract: This study characterizes variability in the age at which autistic individuals attain key developmental milestones compared with siblings who do not have an autism diagnosis.

Abstract: This year, UN Environment will publish the tenth edition of the annual Emissions Gap Report. To mark the 10-year anniversary and as a contribution to the United Nations Secretary-General's Climate Action Summit, this publication revisits the gap rationale and how it has evolved, comparing the expectations following the Copenhagen Accord with the reality 10 years later. The findings are sobering. Despite a decade of increasing political and societal focus on climate change and the milestone Paris Agreement, global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have not been curbed, and the emissions gap is larger than ever. The challenges for the United Nations Secretary-General’s Climate Action Summit and for international climate change negotiations in 2019 are clear. Unless mitigation ambition and action increase substantially and immediately in the form of new or updated nationally determined contributions (NDCs) by 2020 and are reflected in ambitious long-term GHG development strategies, exceeding the 1.5°C goal can no longer be avoided, and achieving the well-below 2°C temperature goal becomes increasingly challenging. These and other key lessons emerging from a decade of Emissions Gap Reports are summarized under the 10 headings of this publication.

Abstract: Abstract The objectives of this study are: (1) to specify evacuation return and home-switch stability as two critical milestones of short-term recovery during and in the aftermath of disasters; and (2) to understand the disparities among subpopulations in the duration of these critical recovery milestones. Using privacy-preserving fine-resolution location-based data, we examine evacuation and home move-out rates in Harris County, Texas in the context of the 2017 Hurricane Harvey. For each of the two critical recovery milestones, the results reveal the areas with short- and long-return durations and enable evaluating disparities in evacuation return and home-switch stability patterns. In fact, a shorter duration of critical recovery milestone indicators in flooded areas is not necessarily a positive indication. Shorter evacuation return could be due to barriers to evacuation and shorter home move-out rate return for lower-income residents is associated with living in rental homes. In addition, skewed and non-uniform recovery patterns for both the evacuation return and home-switch stability were observed in all subpopulation groups. All return patterns show a two-phase return progress pattern. The findings could inform disaster managers and public officials to perform recovery monitoring and resource allocation in a more proactive, data-driven, and equitable manner.