TL;DR: In this article, a comparison has been made of the values of liquid limit of five clay soils determined with apparatus having bases of different hardnesses including one with a base of plastic material known as Micarta No. 221, stated to have the hardness required by the American standard test, and an apparatus having a base the hardness of which was as specified in the British specification B.S. 1377: 1948.
Abstract: Synopsis A comparison has been made of the values of liquid limit of five clay soils determined with apparatus having bases of different hardnesses including one with a base of plastic material known as Micarta No. 221, stated to have the hardness required by the American standard test, and an apparatus with a base the hardness of which was as specified in the British specification, B.S. 1377: 1948. Tests were all made to determine the effect of any difference in the measured value of liquid limit on the “activity” of the clay soils and their shear strengths. The American Micarta base was considerably harder than the hardness required by the British Standard, and the machine with the Micarta base gave values of liquid limit which were, in terms of moisture content, 3 to 4% less than those obtained with the machine with the base having the B.S. hardness. The effect of this difference on the “activity” of the clay soils was a 9 to 16% decrease in “activity” when the machine with the Micarta base was used. T...
TL;DR: Phenol-formaldehyde resins (phenolic resins), the first thermosetting plastics, are considered to be the first truly synthetic commercially available plastic resins as discussed by the authors, which are made from purely synthetic materials.
Abstract: Phenol–formaldehyde resins (phenolic resins), the first thermosetting plastics, are considered to be the first truly synthetic commercially available plastic resins. Unlike celluloids, the phenolic resins are made from purely synthetic materials. Phenol–formaldehyde resins are formed by the chemical reaction between phenols and formaldehyde solutions (formalin). Work in the area of phenols and formaldehydes began prior to the 20th century with Adolf Bayer in 1872 and Losekam in 1889. Blumerl introduced the first commercially available phenolic resin, called Laccain, in 1902 as a substitute for shellac. The “heat and pressure” patents of Dr. Leo H. Baekeland popularized the use of phenolic resins in 1907; hence, he is known as the “father of phenolic resins.” Today, some of the most popular phenolic resins bear the trade name “Bakelite” in reference to the company (General Bake–lite Company) that he formed in 1910. These inventions made it possible, using phenol–formaldehyde resins, to cost effectively produce molded parts. Prior to Baekeland's inventions, it was necessary to use low-temperature processing methods to suppress the evolution of steam and gases. These methods caused bubble formation and expensive long production cycles. In addition, the use of fillers enhances properties and lowers the cost of cured resin.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the construction, operating principle, and technical specifications of an automatic apparatus for determining the thermal diffusivity of heat insulators, such as asbestos cement, textolite, micarta, and polystyrene.
Abstract: This paper describes the construction, operating principle, and technical specifications of an automatic apparatus for determining the thermal diffusivity of heat insulators. The automatically determined temperature dependences of the thermal diffusivities of asbestos cement, textolite, micarta, and polystyrene are discussed.
TL;DR: An improved heat exchanger that reduces the thermal stress in components thereof especially tube plates or tube sheets is accomplished by attaching or bonding an insulating material of low thermal conductivity such as a sheet of PTFE, a metal jacketed layer of insulating cork or nonmetallic composite such as micarta sheeting to the metal component or tube sheet or tube plate as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An improved heat exchanger that reduces the thermal stress in components thereof especially tube plates or tube sheets so as to enable greater temperature differences across adjacent components while reducing the temperature gradient and thus extending the life of the heat exchanger is accomplished by attaching or bonding an insulating material of low thermal conductivity such as a sheet of PTFE, a metal jacketed layer of insulating cork or nonmetallic composite such as micarta sheeting to the metal component or tube sheet or tube plate